Layer Coatings

Walther P, Hermann R, Wehrli E and Muller M 1995 Double layer coating for high resolution low temperature SEM J. Microsc. 179 229-37... 

Fig. 13. Schematic cross section of Time-Zero SX-70 integral film. In this film the polymeric acid layer and the timing layer are located beneath the negative layers, rather than in the positive sheet. Time-Zero and all later Polaroid integral films have an antireflection layer coated on the outer surface of the clear...

Different TiN-, TiC-, and TiAlN-based single layer coatings on steel alloyed with Cr, Ni, Mn, and WC were prepared by use of the cold vapor deposition technique. The thickness of the coatings varied from 2.7 to 6.4 pm. 

Infrared detectors can be made with several layer AR coatings, and the detectors for the James Webb Space Telescope, awarded to Rockwell Scientific, specify 4- or 5-layer coatings to achieve QE of 95% over a broad bandpass. 

Now we describe metallic layer coatings, which are widely used in astronomy. Gold is slightly better at infrared wavelengths than silver. At short wavelengths aluminum is by far the best of the 3 metals (Fig. 13), but with a marked minimum around 800 nm. The driving parameter is the thermal conductivity. 

The fluid lipid film is driven into a state of higher order, especially at low surface pressure [138] S-layer coating of liposomes leads to an ordering effect of the lipid molecules [123]... 

The liquid-ordered gel-like state of liposomes is stabilized by S-layer coating [123]... 

In order to enhance the stability of hposomes and to provide a biocompatible outermost surface shucture for controlled immobihzation (see Section IV), isolated monomeric and oligomeric S-layer protein from B. coagulans E38/vl [118,123,143], B. sphaericus CCM 2177, and the SbsB from B. stearothermophilus PV72/p2 [119] have been crystallized into the respective lattice type on positively charged liposomes composed of DPPC, HD A, and cholesterol. Such S-layer-coated hposomes are spherical biomimetic structures (Fig. 18) that resemble archaeal ceUs (Fig. 14) or virus envelopes. The crystallization of S-... 

FIG. 18 Schematic drawing of a liposome with entrapped functional molecules, coated with an S-layer lattice, that can be used as immobilization matrix for functional molecules. Alternatively, liposomes can be coated with genetically modified S-layer subunits incorporating functional domains. (Modified from Ref. 59.) (b) Electron micrograph of a freeze-etched preparation of an S-layer-coated liposome (bar, 100 nm). 

For functionalization of S-layer-coated liposomes, the S-layer lattice was stabilized by cross-linking the S-layer subunits with either periodate-oxidized raffinose or bis(sulfo-succinimidyl) suberate (BS ). Both are amine group-specific reagents that were large and... 

A completely different approach in obtaining S-layer-coated and nncoated areas on solid snpports is the nse of microcontact printing (p.CP) for modifying the snrface properties prior to S-layer protein recrystallization (Fig. 23). Microcontact printing makes use... 

TFF module types include plate-and-frame (or cassettes), hollow fibers, tubes, monoliths, spirals, and vortex flow. Figures 20-52 and 20-53 show several common module types and the flow paths within each. Hollow fiber or tubular modules are made by potting the cast membrane fibers or tubes into end caps and enclosing the assembly in a shell. Similar to fibers or tubes, monoliths have their retentive layer coated on the inside of tubular flow channels or lumens with a high-permeability porous structure on the shell side. 

C Mader, S Kiipcii, UB Slcytr, M Sara. S-layer-coated liposomes as a versatile system for entrapping and binding target molecules. Biochem Biophys Acta Biomembranes 1463(1) 142—150, 2000. 

Sand has been treated with oil-soluble organosilicon compounds to form a hydrophobic proppant (77). A double layer resin coating has also been developed. The inner layer coating the sand particle is a cured gamma-aminopropyltriethoxvsilane - hexamethylenetetramine. The outer layer is an uncured mixture of the same two chemicals which cures within the fracture to form a consolidated permeable mass holding the fracture open (78). 

The absorption-based platforms described previously employed evanescent wave interrogation of a thin sensing layer coated onto a planar waveguide. A sensitivity enhancement strategy for optical absorption-based sensors based on planar, multimode waveguides was developed recently by us18. The objective was to apply this theory to the development of low-cost, robust and potentially mass-producible sensor platforms and the following section outlines the assumptions and predictions of this theoretical model. 

Figure 2.17 Cumulative vancomycin release of single-layer coatings as a function of antibiotic concentration. (Reproduced from ref. 12, with permission.)...

FIGURE 6.19 Wavelength-dependent transmittance of a 130-nm-thick ITO film on an acrylic-layer-coated PET substrate. 

The Stober method can be used to form core-shell silica nanoparticles when a presynthesized core is suspended in a water-alcohol mixture. The core can be a silica nanoparticle or other types of nanomaterials [46, 47]. If the core is a silica nanoparticle, before adding silicon alkoxide precursors, the hydroxysilicates hydrolyzed from precursors condense by the hydroxide groups on the surface of the silica cores to form additional layers. If the core is a colloid, surface modification of the core might be necessary. For example, a gold colloid core was modified by poly (vinylpyrrolidone) prior to a silica layer coating [46]. 

Figure 1.26. Temperature dependence of the spectral overlap of Py+/Py+(B), Ox+/ Ox+(V), and Py+/Ox+ (O) in zeolite L, measured on thin layers coated on quartz plates.

Liang Z, Susha AS, Yu A, Caruso F (2002). Nanotubes prepared by layer-by-layer coating of porous membrane templates. Adv. Mater. 14 1849-1853. 

I. Jimenez, A. Cirera, A. Cornet, J.R. Morante, 1. Gracia, and C. Cane. Pulverisation method for active layer coating on microsystems , Sensors and Actuators B84 (2002), 78-82. 

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