Camels Hump

Figure 1. Map of the Burrows Trail on the southwest-facing slope of Camels Hump mountain showing location of permanently-marked study plots.

Figure 2. Changes in dominant species of trees in the lower elevation, hardwood ecosystem of Camels Hump based on density (upper graph) and on basal area (lower graph).

Figure 4. Diagramatic representation of the environmental monitoring units installed in gaps and adjacent canopied sites of the montane coniferous ecosystem of Camels Hump.

Figure 5. Photographs of Camels Hump Mountain montane coniferous zone taken in (a) 1963 and (b) 1983 showing changes in forest composition.

In 1986 one of us (D.R.H.) began to consider that our camel hump carrier might possibly be due to the elusive buckminsterfullerene, and in 1987 a patent disclosure was submitted to appropriate channels of the University of Arizona. When we both met at an IAU Symposium in Santa Clara, California in summer of 1988, we discussed the case for C6 again. If the camel hump carrier is not junk what else could it be other than C60 Apart from a vague similarity between the camel hump features and the calculated uv spectrum of C6 (Larsson et al. 1987), however, the evidence was rather circumstantial. The few measured spectral data available on C6 did not support this idea (see Heath et al. 1986). 

The quantities produced with the laser vaporization method were however not even sufficient for doing experiments to verify the proposed structure. This was solved by Kratschmer, Huffman and their students who had as early as in 1982, [144-146] i.e. three years before the discovery of Ceo in 1985, produced Ceo without knowing it. They used an electric arc in a helium atmosphere of 150 torr and produced a special kind of soot with a unique type of optical absorption known as the camel hump smoke in the UV region. Their recorded spectrum fitted however very nicely to some predictions of the present author [147]. After a number of trials, they found in 1990 [148] that the special carbon soot could be dissolved in benzene, which provided the possibility to separate Ceo from the carbon particles [149], record a UV visible spectrum and even fabricate crystals of Ceo and C70 and determine the crystal structure. Suddenly a new kind of carbon material had been found in addition to the commonly known diamond and graphite. 

Zika, P. P. 1993. Historical species loss in the alpine zone of Camels Hump, Vermont. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 120-73-75. 

Camel s hump. Compare the H 0 yield (rom the complete oxidation of 1 g of glucose with that of 1 g of tripalmitoylglyc-ertil. Relate these values to the evolutionary selection of the contents of a camels hump. 

The fat stored in a camels hump is a source of both energy and water. Calculate the mass of H2O produced by the metabolism of 1.0 kg of fat, assuming the fat consists entirely of tristearin (C57H110O5), a typical animal fat, and assuming that during metabolism, tristearin reacts with O2 to form only CO2 and H2O. 

Second, the extreme complexity of most ecosystems has made scientists wary of putting an upper limit on the future toll of acid rain. Few scientists believe that large-scale ecological catastrophe is imminent, but the localized "mini-catastrophes" in the Adirondacks and on Camels Hump are a stark warning that large-scale ecological collapse is indeed possible. 

Third, many of the effects of acid rain are irreversible on human time scales. While fish have been restored to some acidified lakes to which limestone has been added, the most severely affected lakes will not be restored to their pristine states. The destruction of evergreen forests on Camels Hump and elsewhere, and the degradation of soils and of whole ecosystems, will not be reversed in our lifetimes. 

By far the greatest damage has been observed at Camels Hump in Vermont s Green Mountains, where 50% of the red spruce have died and the number of spruce seedlings declined by at least 50% since 1965. (See Plate I.) A recent survey failed to find a single healthy seedling.Maples and beeches, while less dramatically affected, have also declined. The spruce forest at Camels Hump spends about one third of its existence shrouded in fog and mist which is often highly acidic. 

The physiological cause of death of spruce at Camels Hump is not known. Analysis of tree cores has shown that the level of... 

Acid deposition is believed to have contributed to the extensive damage to red spruce and other trees at Camels Hump. 

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