Glutamate calcium

Calcium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid. See Calcium trisodium pentetate Calcium difluoride. See Calcium fluoride Calcium di-D-gluconate. See Calcium gluconate Calcium diglutamate. See Calcium glutamate Calcium dihydride. See Calcium hydride Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate CAS 14866-19-4 INS450(vii)... 

Algae, brown Algae, red Algin Ammonium chloride Ammonium citrate dibasic Ammonium glycyrrhizinate Aspartame Benzyl cinnamate Bromelain Calcium chloride Calcium glutamate Calcium 5 -guanylate Calcium 5 -inosinate Calcium lactate ... 

Coco guanidinium chlorides 19224-26-1 Benzoflex 284 Propylene glycol dibenzoate Velate 300 19238-49-4 Calcium glutamate 19249-34-4... 

Benzyltrimethyl ammonium bromide CioHi6CaN20s XH2O (x = 0,1, 2 or 4) Calcium glutamate C10H16CIN... 

JECEA reviewed the safety studies of glutamate and endorsed its safety by allocating an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for L-glutamic acid and its monosodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, and magnesium salts as being "not specified." The scientific committee for food of EC concurred (40). 

The side chains of the 20 different amino acids listed in Panel 1.1 (pp. 6-7) have very different chemical properties and are utilized for a wide variety of biological functions. However, their chemical versatility is not unlimited, and for some functions metal atoms are more suitable and more efficient. Electron-transfer reactions are an important example. Fortunately the side chains of histidine, cysteine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid are excellent metal ligands, and a fairly large number of proteins have recruited metal atoms as intrinsic parts of their structures among the frequently used metals are iron, zinc, magnesium, and calcium. Several metallo proteins are discussed in detail in later chapters and it suffices here to mention briefly a few examples of iron and zinc proteins. 

Many proteins contain intrinsic metal atoms that are functionally important. The most frequently used metals are iron, zinc, magnesium, and calcium. These metal atoms are mainly bound to the protein through the side chains of cysteine, histidine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid residues. 

Loikkanen, J., Naarala, J., and Savolainen, K. M. (1998). Modification of glutamate-induced oxidative stress by lead The role of extracellular calcium. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 24, 377-384,... 

Grb-2 facilitates the transduction of an extracellular stimulus to an intracellular signaling pathway, (b) The adaptor protein PSD-95 associates through one of its three PDZ domains with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Another PDZ domain associates with a PDZ domain from neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Through its interaction with PSD-95, nNOS is localized to the NMDA receptor. Stimulation by glutamate induces an influx of calcium, which activates nNOS, resulting in the production of nitric oxide. 

In bone, three proteins have been described which are vitamin K-dependent, osteocalcin (bone Gla protein), matrix Gla protein (MGP), and protein S. Osteocalcin is synthetized by osteoclasts, regulated by the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol. Its capacity to bind calcium needs a vitamin K-dependent y-carboxylation of three glutamic acid residues. The calcium binding capacity of osteocalcin indicates a possible role in bone mineralization, but its exact function is still unclear. However, it is widely used as a serum marker for bone mineralization. Protein S, mainly a coagulant, is also vitamin-K dependent and synthesized in the liver. Children with... 

Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels. Figure 2 Subunit composition of a HVA calcium channel. The selectivity filter of the channel is created by four glutamates (E). 

Glutamate aspartate exchange Acyl-carnitine exchange Calcium/sodium exchange Calcium... 

Other systems also interact with glutamate. Activation of L-type voltagegated calcium channels (VGCC) occurs with NMDA receptor activation. Lamotrigine blocks several ion channels, including P- and N-type VGCC channels, an action that blocks the euphoric effects of ketamine and reduces dysphoric and cognitive effects (Hundt et al. 1998). Other modulatory sites,... 

Acamprosate. Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate), an amino acid derivative, affects both GABA and excitatory amino acid (i.e., glutamate) neurotransmission (the latter effect most likely being the one that is important for its therapeutic effects in alcoholism). Initially evaluated in a singlecenter trial in France, acamprosate was shown to be twice as effective as placebo in reducing the rate at which alcoholic patients returned to drinking (Lhuin-tre et al. 1985). The safety and efficacy of the medication have been studied most widely in Europe, and three of these studies provided the basis for the recent approval of acamprosate by the FDA for clinical use in the United States. As with naltrexone, there exist a number of meta-analytic studies that provide consistent evidence of the efficacy of the medication in the treatment of alcohol dependence. 

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