Aspartate and glutamate

Fig. 3. The pH dependence, where A, B, and C represent regions corresponding to the p-K s of glutamic and aspartic acids, lysine, and argenine, respectively, of (a) protein swelling, and (b) protein acid-binding capacity. Adapted from Ref. 3.

The metabolism of amino acids is complex and is described in standard text books. These are usually converted by aminotransferases to the corresponding 2-oxoacids which are partly oxidized in the matrix of muscle mitochondria and partly exported to the liver. Glutamate and aspartate yield 2-oxoglutarate and oxaloacetate, respectively, which enter the citrate cycle directly, and other 2-... 

Large amounts of glutamic and aspartic acid (about 15 mol%) are present. 

Alanine. Transamination of alanine forms pyruvate. Perhaps for the reason advanced under glutamate and aspartate catabolism, there is no known metabolic defect of alanine catabolism. Cysteine. Cystine is first reduced to cysteine by cystine reductase (Figure 30-7). Two different pathways then convert cysteine to pyruvate (Figure 30-8). 

In the Ca-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum, oligonucleotide-directed, site-specific mutagenesis has been applied to identify amino acids involved in Ca binding. Mutation of 30 glutamate and aspartate residues, singly or in groups, in a stalk sector near the transmembrane domain has little effect on Ca " -transport. In contrast mutations to Glu ° , Glu, Asn , Thr , Asp ° or Glu ° resulted in loss... 

Some amino acids (glycine, alanine, glutamic, and aspartic acids) Surface tension increase Weak binding Stabilizers of globular proteins... 

Glutamic and aspartic acid Isoxazolium salts, carbodiimides... 

Lena, I., Parrot, S., Deschaux, O. et al. (2005). Variations in extracellular levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate, and aspartate across the sleep - wake cycle in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 81, 891-9. 

Ranghino, G., E. Clementi, and S. Romano. 1983. Lysinium, Argininium, Glutamate, and Aspartate Ions in Water Solution. Biopolymers 22, 1449-1460. 

New glutamate and aspartate analogues as potential neuroprotective agents. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2507-2510. 

It was observed that glutamate and aspartate are diverted predominantly to the synthesis of cell substance rather than to the formation of oxalate. It is not inconsistent to see oc-ketoglutarate being formed from glutamate, while no oxaloacetic acid can be detected in the medium containing aspartate, as the oxaloacetic acid is known to be extremely unstable (2), (62), (Hi). The relatively low yields of oxalic acid, derived... 

Dysregulation between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems excitatory NE, DA, glutamate, and aspartate inhibitory 5-HT and GABA. 

Ping L, Mahesh VB, Wiedmeier VT, Brann DW (1994) Release of glutamate and aspartate from the preoptic area during the progesterone-induced LH surge In vivo microdialysis studies. Neuroendocrinology 59 318-324... 

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