Caesarean section

Kaiser-ol, n. a kind of kerosene, -reich, n. empire, -rot, n. colcothar imperial red (a dye), -schnitt, m. (Med.) Caesarean section. -wasser,n. aqua regia, -wurz,/. master-wort (specif., Imperatoria oetruthium). 

Renal Effects. Triehloroethylene may have effeets in the kidney however, studies in humans are limited by having poor or no exposure data and by concomitant exposure to other chemicals. There was no evidence of kidney damage in 250 neurosurgery patients who underwent prolonged trichloroethylene anesthesia (Brittain 1948), nor in 405 women who had caesarean sections and were exposed to trichloroethylene anesthesia (Crawford and Davies 1975). 

One compound from this series, (10), has been tested in vitro in human myometrium tissue obtained at term following caesarean section and shown to inhibit contractions induced by oxytocin [44] with a pA2 of 7.6. This is one of the first direct indications that the use of an oxytocin antagonist may be of benefit in the treatment of preterm labour in humans. This compound has been extensively studied in the near-term baboon and has been shown to inhibit nocturnal and near-term contractions following an intravenous bolus injection [45]. Further studies on the effect of oxytocin antagonism in the weeks leading up to delivery in the baboon have also been published [46]. 

Mothers of preterm infants were also more likely than mothers of full-term infants to have obstetrical complications at the time of delivery. Eighty percent of mothers of preterm infants had three or more obstetrical complications. Possible complications included premature labor, oremature rupture of membranes, prolonged rupture of membranes, Caesarean section, chorioamnionitis, and marginal placenta abruption. In contrast, only one mother of a full-term infant developed obstetrical complications during the perinatal period. 

It is notable that rabbit pups show the full pattern of nipple-search and suckling behaviour at the very first nursing, as do pups delivered by Caesarean section and thus without postnatal experience (Hudson 1985). However, reports that rabbit pups can learn odours prenatally (Bilko, Altbacker and Hudson 1994 Altbacker, Hudson and Bilko 1995 Semke, Distel and Hudson 1995) make it difficult to... 

Nissen, E., Uvnas-Moberg, K., Svensson, K., Stock, S, Widstrom, A. M., and Winberg, J. 1996. Different patterns of oxytocin, prolactin but not cortisol release during breast feeding in women delivered by caesarean section or by the vaginal route. Early Human Development, in press. 

Odors can affect the survival of newborn rat pups 100% of pups normally born on gestation day 21 survive, and so do pups delivered by Caesarean section on day 20. If the pups are exposed to odors for 1 hour after birth, the survival rate varies greatly 9% survive in the presence of the odor of amniotic membranes and placenta 80% with dimethyl disulfide (which occurs in rat saliva) 75% with no odor and only 50% with mint odor. In addition to survival, the activity levels of the pups differ. Pups are more active in the presence of odor of amniotic fluid and placenta than they are in the presence of mint odor (Smotherman etal., 1987). 

The effect has been observed in animals kept in carefully cleaned surroundings. Sometimes the effect disappears under such conditions, and at other times it persists. For example, the growth effect has been obtained in pigs taken by Caesarean section under aseptic conditions and reared under thoroughly clean, but not sterile, conditions (2). ... 

The duration of the in vivo phase of this study would be approximately 20 weeks if FI pregnant females are killed for caesarean section examination, 22-24 weeks if allowed to litter. 

R2. Roy, E. J., Jr., The concentration of oestrogens in maternal and foetal blood obtained at caesarean section, and the effect of hospitalization on maternal blood oesti ogen levels. J. Obsiet. Gynecol. Brit. Commonw. 69, 196-202 (1962). 

In high risk abortion and caesarean section, single dose preoperative prophylaxis is advocated (see Section II, prophylaxis). 

Various treatment schedules have been used to specifically prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to the neonate at term. With effective ART, suppressing HIV-RNA in the pregnant mother. Caesarean section is not necessary. 

The day before anticipated birth, the uterus is removed by caesarean section and the uterus and the fetuses are examined. The dam is examined macroscopically for any structural abnormalities or pathological changes (13). 

Although the guideline states that evaluation of the dams during caesarean section and subsequent fetal analyses should be conducted preferably without knowledge of treatment group in order to minimise bias (4), the value of such a blinded examination according to our experience is more than limited. 

The prenatal developmental toxicity study design includes sacrifice of the rodent or rabbit dam one day prior to expected delivery, in order to ensure that malformed fetuses are not lost to maternal cannibalism. .. Nevertheless, even the prenatal developmental toxicity study does not allow the researcher to distinguish the source or cause of prenatal mortality. Intrauterine deaths may be the result of malformations that are incompatible with continuing viability... The contribution of malformed fetuses to overall effect on litter viability can be appropriately analysed by combining the litter incidence of conceptuses that are malformed, resorbed (early and late), and dead (full term but nonviable at caesarean section) and performing appropriate statistical analyses of group values (13). 

The treated diet is then given to the pregnant females through to the time of caesarean section on GDI 7 or 18 for mice, GD20 or 21 for rats, and GD28 or 29 for rabbits. 

Blood samples can also be obtained from fetuses removed by caesarean section on the last day of dosing for proof of exposure. 

Males Following completion of the majority of caesarean sections (typically after a total of at least 8 weeks of dosing). 

Females (caesarean section) Where possible on day 20 of gestation. 

All live fetuses are examined viscerally and sexed at the time of caesarean section. 

Midterm caesarean sections (on or close to day 55 of gestation) are normally performed and fetal data collected. Fetuses are examined for external abnormalities (including the palate), and the weight of the fetuses recorded. 

Full-term caesarean sections are performed on or close to day 108 post-coitum. 

Fig. 1. Live fetus after fuii-term maternai caesarean section (CiToxLAB Scantox).

Many thanks to CiToxLAB Scantox for providing the photographs of fetuses at the time of caesarean sections and fetal outcomes. 

This technique is required for any embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in the rat, mouse, rabbit, or minipig. Caesarean sections are performed on dams before birth. Fetuses are removed and examined externally. Further examinations are then performed to examine internal soft tissues (see Chapters 19 and 20) and skeleton. Fetuses intended for skeletal examinations are eviscerated and the carcasses are fixed. The Alizarin Red S staining process requires several days. The meticulous examination involves the examination of each fetal in a specific order starting from the head to the tail, with the fetus in ventral and dorsal positions. 

The fetuses of both rodent and non-rodent species are typically removed by caesarean section shortly before birth. 

The microdissection technique is often considered simpler, quicker and easier to learn than complete serial sectioning. This is particularly true for non-rodent species when fresh examinations are performed at the time of caesarean section, so the results are available immediately. 

This randomised trial (Stutchfield et al. (2005)) investigated the effect of betamethasone on the incidence of neonatal respiratory distress after elective caesarean section. Of the 503 women randomised to the active treatment, 11 babies were subsequently admitted to the special baby unit with respiratory distress compared to 24 babies out of 495 women randomised to the control group. 

Storosum JG, van Zwieten BJ, Vermeulen HDB, Wohlfarth T et al (2001) Relapse and recurrence in major depression a critical review of placebo-controUed efficacy studies with special emphasis on methodological issues European Psychiatry, 16, ill- i iS Stutchfield P, Whitaker R and Russell I, on behalf of the Antenatal Steroids for Term Elective Caesarean Section (ASTECS) Research Team (2005) Antenatal betamethasone and incidence of neonatal respiratory distress after elective caesarean section pragmatic randomised trial British Medical Journal, 331, 662-667... 

When used in a concentration of approximately 0.75% for anaesthesia for Caesarean section, isoflurane would appear not to cause increased maternal blood loss or unacceptable neonatal depression. 

Enflurane causes a dose-related relaxation of uterine smooth muscle. At low inspired concentrations during Caesarean section, it prevents maternal awareness without an increase in blood loss or undesirable effects on the baby. 

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