Processing staining

Fig. 1. Transmission electron micrograph of ABS produced by an emulsion process. Staining of the mbber bonds with osmium tetroxide provides contrast...

If the IPG gels are not used for a second dimension run, the gels are further processed (stained, blotted) as described for SDS gels. 

Mechanical cleaning is the first step in the restoration process. Stains are removed only if the text is impossible to read. Bleaching agents seldom are used. Deacidification, if called for, is a standard procedure. 

In contrast to whitening, which is a total garment phenomena, stain removal tends to be a localized process. Stains can be characterized as a localized, high concentration of unwanted material on a garment. Types of stains and technologies designed for their removal were discussed earlier in the chapter. 

Fig. 4 Supercritical dryers, (a) benchtop system (Quomm Technologies Ltd, UK) for processing stain-etched porous Si powders, (b) benchtop system (Quorum Technologies Ltd, UK) for processing an anodized 150 mm diameter silicon wafer, (c) eleanroom-compatible automated multiwafer system (Tousimis Corp., USA)...

Easy removal during the development process in order to avoid residual and unwanted color stain. 

Wood rosin process Woodruffite Wood shakes Wood shingles Wood smoke Woods strike Wood stain Wood stains Woodward s synthesis Wood waste Wood waste ash Wood wastes Woody fragrances Woody odor... 

Diffusivities of various elements ate determined experimentally. Dopant profiles can be determined. The junction depth can be measured by chemically staining an angle-lapped sample with an HE/HNO mixture. The -type region of the junction stains darker than the n-ty e region. The sheet resistivity can also be measured using a four-point probe measurement. These two techniques ate used for process monitoring. 

Hydroxyhydroquinone and pyrogaHol can be used for lining reactors for vinyl chloride suspension polymerization to prevent formation of polymer deposits on the reactor walls (98). Hydroxyhydroquinone and certain of its derivatives are useful as auxiUary developers for silver haUde emulsions in photographic material their action is based on the dye diffusion-transfer process. The transferred picture has good contrast and stain-free highlights (99). 5-Acylhydroxyhydroquinones are useful as stabilizer components for poly(alkylene oxide)s (100). 

Shade Stains. These stains are usually applied after the sealer or first topcoat and are typically sprayed on specific areas to compensate for uneven color distribution during the initial finishing process. For instance, perhaps the gla2e was wiped too clean on an edge. Rather than going back to restain or gla2e that small area, the finisher can spray a small amount of this shade stain on the desired area and achieve the same result in a fraction of the time. 

Chrome-complexed fluorochemicals, as weU as fluoropolymers, are widely used products. The compositions are proprietary. Fluorochemicals provide a high degree of water repeUency as weU as repeUency to aqueous stains, oUs, grease, and oilhorne stains. TraditionaUy, treatments are appUed duting a dmm process ia which about 30 min are required for flUl penetration of the leather to occur. Products are also avaUable for appUcation with sprayiag equipment and roU coaters. 

A good sensitizing dye does not interfere with other system properties. Sensitizing dyes can sometimes influence the intrinsic response of a chemically sensitized emulsion, leading to desensitization or additional sensitization. The dye can also interfere with development rate, increase or decrease unwanted fog density, and remain as unwanted stain in the film after processing. The dye should have adequate solubihty for addition to the emulsion, but should not wander between layers in the final coating. 

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