Macroscopic examination

The successful clinical use of titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy combinations has been reported Lucas etal. also investigated this combination using electrochemical studies based on mixed potential and protection potential theories. Verification of these studies was made by direct coupling experiments. The electrochemical studies predicted coupled corrosion potentials of -0.22 V and low coupled corrosion rates of 0.02 ft A/cm. Direct coupling experiments verified these results. The cobalt-titanium interfaces on the implants were macroscopically examined and no instances of extensive corrosion were found. Overall, the in-vitro corrosion studies and the examination of retrieved prostheses predicted no exaggerated in-vivo corrosion due to the coupling of these cobalt and titanium alloys. 

Body weight and food/water consumption Macroscopical examination of all dams for any structural abnormalities or pathological changes, which may have influenced the pregnancy Implantation, resorptions Foetal growth... 

At termination, full macroscopic examination and microscopic examination of limited tissues (usually heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and any tissues related to route of administration tissues) are performed. Blood levels of the drug are not usually determined, as often an assay is still to be developed. Systemic exposure can be approximated, however, using a scaling model (see Section 3.8.3.S). 

Surviving females are typically killed 1 day before delivery, i.e., on day 18 post-coitum by carbon dioxide inhalation and exsan-guination. The animals are submitted to a full macroscopic examination and any abnormalities observed are recorded. Abnormal organs or tissues are sampled and preserved for possible further examination if considered appropriate. 

Surviving animals are killed by carbon dioxide inhalation and exsanguination, weighed, and submitted to a full macroscopic examination for structural or pathological changes. 

Generally, but not invariably, postmortem macroscopic examination of the brain reveals cerebral atrophy with narrowed convolutions, widened sulci, and enlarged lateral and third ventricles. On microscopic examination brain specimens from patients with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer s disease are characterized by widely spread cortical senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and granulovascular degeneration. 

Macroscopic forms of corrosion affect greater areas of corroded metal and are generally observable with the naked eye or can be viewed with the aid of a low-power magnifying device. Macroscopic examination can identify the following forms galvanic, erosion-corrosion, crevice or pitting, exfoliation, and dealloying. Microscopic... 

After the determination of organ weights and macroscopic examinations the tissues are processed for histo-pathological evaluations. For this they are fixed in formalin or equivalent solutions, or they are frozen (important for the diagnosis of increased fat content in a tissue, e.g. in the liver, organic solvents would dissolved the fat) trimmed to small parts, put into paraffin blocks, cut with a microtome, and stained (hematoxylin-eosin, or special staining for fat and/or collagen etc.). 

Testing of cell cultures for the presence of key adventitious agents should be routine in any tissue culture facility. Altough bacterial and fungal contaminations can be detected by microscopic and sometimes by macroscopic examination, the detection of mycoplasma and virus contaminants require the use of specific test procedures, including isolation by culture, PCR methods, electron microscopy, and analysis of cytopathic effects. 

The Best Practice Guideline also reinforced the principle that histopathologic examination of lymphoid tissues as indicators of systemic immunoto-xicity requires that (i) each animal should receive a thorough macroscopic examination of the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes and (ii) thymus, spleen, draining lymph nodes, bone marrow in situ, and any gross lesions of a lymphoid organ represent the minimum of tissues for routine evaluation of the lymphoid system. 

Only one study investigated the respiratory effects of 1,1,2-trichloroethane inhalation in animals. Bonnet et al. (1980) macroscopically examined the lungs of rats that survived a 6-hour exposure test from which an LCso of 1654 ppm was calculated. No lesions were found. This study was not used as the basis of a NOAEL because histological examinations were not performed, and gross observations alone are not sufficient to detect subtle health effects. 

Macroscopically, a mass that involves both the right and left lobes will be found in 70% of cases. On histological analysis HCC will show giant tumor cells with large trabeculae arranged in an acinar pattern. Necrosis and vascular involvement are commonly seen. Often there is vascular invasion of the portal system and less frequently that of the hepatic vein and IVC. A variant of HCC is fibrola-mellar HCC, which will present with a central scar in 76% of patients on macroscopic examination. 

Data on the accumulation of 22 1 fatty acids in humans are also available from the work of Svaar who examined autopsy material from 54 hearts selected from Norwegian men, age 20 to 69, who had died suddenly from accidents (Svaar, 1982). These hearts were selected from a larger group on the basis of being without myocardial infarction, severe coronary stenosis, cardiac hypertrophy or valvular disease by macroscopical examination. No focal myocardial lesions were present. A mild to moderate lipidosis was found in 50% of the hearts but this was not correlated with the concentration of 22 1 which was present at less than 1% of the total lipids (Svaar,... 

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