Clostridium butyricum

Clostridium butyricum polyarylamide, agar collagen hydrogen 3.2... 

The formation of hydrogen is accompanied with VFAs or solvent production during an anaerobic digestion process. Therefore, the distribution of VFA concentrations and their finctions is a usefiil indicator for monitoring hydrogen production. Fig. 3 shows the variations in alcohol and VFAs. Most of the VFAs were analyzed as acetate and butyrate, and most of the alcohols were analyzed as ethanol. The propionate concentration was below the analytical limit. It indicates that the anaerobic pathway in the reactor is not propionic-type fermentation but but5nrate-type fermentation. Clostridium butyricum is considered to be the dominant... 

Clostridium thermopalmarium Clostridium thermobutyricum Clostridium homopropionicum - Clostridium butyricum... 

Hauser, D., Gibert, M., Boquet, P. and Popoff, M.R., Plasmid localization of a type E botulinal neurotoxin gene homologue in toxigenic Clostridium butyricum strains, and absence of this gene in non-toxigenic C. butyricum strains, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 78, 251-255, 1992. 

Zhou, Y., Sugiyama, H. and Johnson, E.A., Transfer of neurotoxigenicity from Clostridium butyricum to a nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum type E-like strain, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 59, 3825-3831, 1993. 

Figure 2. Interactions between Clostridium butyricum and Trichoderma harzianum. VFAs = volatile fatty acids. Source Reproduced with permission from Ref. 12. 1985, D. A. Veal.

The yield of 1,3-PD for this reaction is 67% (mol/mol). If biomass formation is considered the theoretical maximal yield reduces to 64%. In the actual fermentation a number of other by-products are formed, i. e., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, and 2,3-butanediol, by the enterobacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter agglomerans, butyric acid by Clostridium butyricum, and butanol by Clostridium pasteurianum (Fig. 1). All these by-products are associated with a loss in 1,3-PD relative to acetic acid, in particular ethanol and butanol, which do not contribute to the NADH2 pool at all. 

The formation of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter and Clostridium butyricum, respectively as well as 2,3-butanediol by Enterobacter aerogenes and their recovery and purification were central issues as well. The production was partly performed in a 2000 litre reactor. Glycerol metabolism in these microorganisms was established. In addition the application of the diols was investigated. 

HV143 Araki Y., Y. Fujiyama, A. Andoh, S. Koyama, O. Kanauchi, and T. Bamba. The dietary combination of germinated barley foodstuff plus Clostridium butyricum suppresses the dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000 35(10) 1060-1067. 

Ramseier, H. R. 1960. The action of nisin on Clostridium butyricum Prazm. Arch. Mik-robiol 37, 57-94. (German)... 

Some anaerobic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Clostiridium butyricum produce hydrogen from formic acid. Therefore, determination of formic acid is possible by using Clostridium butyricum and a fuel cell type electrode(9). 

Colin, T., Bories, A. and Moulin, G. 2000. Inhibition of Clostridium Butyricum by 1,3-Propanediol and Diols During Glycerol Fermentation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54,201-205. 

Himmi, E.H., Bories, A. and Barbirato, F. 1999. Nutrient Requirements for Glycerol Conversion to 1,3-Propanediol by Clostridium Butyricum. Biores. Technol., 67, 123-128. 

Papanikolaou, S., Muniglia, L., Chevalot, I., Aggelis, G. and Marc, I. 2002. Yarrowia Lipolytica as a Potential Producer of Citric Acid from Raw Glycerol. J. Appl. Microbiol., 92, 737-744. Papanikolaou, S., Ruiz-Sanchez, P., Pariset, B., Blanchard, F. and Fick, M. 2000. High Production of 1,3-Propanediol from Industrial Glycerol by a Newly Isolated Clostridium Butyricum Strain. J. Biotechnol., 77, 191-208. 

Starch-like substances are produced in several species of bacteria.18,21 For example, Escherichia coli produces a linear glucan.21,29 Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces a starch-like material and Clostridium butyricum produces a glucan with some branching.21 Neisseria perflava produces a glucan, intermediate in structure between amylopectin and glycogen 29 however, more recent work shows that the structure more closely approaches that of glycogen.30... 

Following this discovery, several other bacteria were found to elaborate a-amylases that could digest potato starch granules an anaerobic Clostridium butyricum 206 a non-sulfur purple photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa 205 and two other Bacillus species.206,207... 

Montoya, D., Arevalo, C., Gonzales, S., Aristizabal, R, and Schwarz, W.H., New solvent-producing Clostridium sp. strains, hydrolyzing a wide range of polysaccharides, are closely related to Clostridium butyricum, J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 27, 329-335, 2001. 

Koepsett, H. J., and M. J, Johnson Dissimilation of pyruvic acid by cell-free preparations of Clostridium butyricum. J. Biol. Chem. 145, 379—386 (1942). 

Mortlock, R. P., R. C. Valentine, and R. S. Wolfe Carbon dioxide activation in the pyruvate clastic system of Clostridium butyricum. J. Biol. Chem. 234, 1653-1656 (1959). 

Figure 6. Amino acid sequences of representative ferredoxins. A, Clostridium butyricum (8Fe) obligate anaerobic fermenting bacterium B, (8Fe) red (sulfur) photosynthetic bacterium D, Desulfovibrio gigas (4Fe) sulfate...

Heyndrickx, M., De Vos, P., Thibau, B., Stevens, P., and De Ley, J. 1987. Effect of various external factors on the fermentative production of hydrogen gas from glucose by Clostridium butyricum strains in Batch culture. System. Appl. Microbiol., 9,163-168. 

Karube, I., Matsunaga, T., Otsuka, T., Kayano, H. and Suzuki, S. 1981. Hydrogen evolution by co-immobilized chloroplasts and Clostridium butyricum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 637, 490-495. 

Yokoi, H., Mori, S., Hirose, J., Hayashi, S., and Takasaki, Y. 1998. Hydrogen production from starch by a mixed culture of Clostridium butyricum and Rhodobacter sp. M-l 9. Bio-technol. Lett. 20, 890-895. 

Recently, a glycerol dehydratase was discovered in the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium butyricum, whose active site contains a glycyl radical formed by the action of the 5 -deoxyadenosyl radical on a specific glycine residue of the protein (20). The 5 -deoxyadenosyl radical is generated not from coenzyme Bi2, but by one-electron reduction of the stmcturally much simpler molecule 5-adenosylmethionine (SAM), named poor man s B12 by Barker. Hence, this glycerol dehydratase performs the same reaction, probably with a similar pathway, to the coenzyme B 12-dependent glycerol dehydratase. 

Zigova J, Sturdik E, Vandak D, and Schlosser S. Butyric acid production by Clostridium butyricum with integrated extraction and pertraction. Process Biochem (Oxford), 1999 34(8) 835-843. 

Although Escherichia coli and Clostridium butyricum are capable of reducing PO " to POf and even POl" (Tsubota, 1959), the opposite reaction has been demonstrated for PO " PO4" in connection with Bacillus caldolyticus (Heinen and Lauwers, 1974). This suggests that P — to a limited extent, at least — is capable of cycling of the sort common to S and N. 

Non-photosynthetic bacteria like Clostridium butyricum evolve hydrogen from carbohydrates at a high rate, but the yield is limited because they also produce organic acids. On the other hand,... 

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