1- butanol, oxidation

Alcohol oxidation over the loose powder catalysts were conducted in a fixed bed reactor at 230 °C and atmospheric pressure. The details of the reactor system was previously described elsewhere [8]. The catalysts were pretreated in a flow of Oj/He for 15 min prior to oxidation reaction. A reactant stream of CHjOH/Oj/He = 6/13/81 with a total flow rate of 100 ml/min was used for methanol oxidation. For ethanol and 2-butanol oxidation, a gaseous mixture of Oj/He (13/81 ml/min) containing saturated ethanol or 2-butanol vapor at ambient temperature was introduced into the reactor. Analyses of reactants and products were carried out by an on-line Hewlett Packard 5890B GC. The spent catalysts were also characterized by Raman spectrometer. 

Figure 4. Oxidation of alcohols over catalysts in loose powder form at 230°C as a function of reaction time (a) methanol oxidation over 4% MoOj/TiO jphysical mixture, (b) methanol oxidation over 4% VjOj/TiOj physical mixture, (c) ethanol oxidation over 4% MoOj/TiOj physical mixture and (d) 2-butanol oxidation over 4% MoOjATiOj physical mixture.

Now let s draw the forward scheme. Ethyl bromide is converted into ethyl magnesium bromide (a Grignard reagent), which is then treated with acetaldehyde (to give a Grignard reaction), followed by water work-up, to give 2-butanol. Oxidation gives 2-butanone, which can then be converted into the desired imine upon treatment with... 

CHa CHlCH CHO. Colourless lachrymatory liquid with a pungent odour. B.p. 104 "C. Manufactured by the thermal dehydration of aldol. May be oxidized to crotonic acid and reduced to crolonyl alcohol and 1-butanol oxidized by oxygen in the presence of VjOj to maleic anhydride. It is an intermediate in the production of l-butanol from ethanol. 

Potassium/tert-butanol Oxidative degradation Carboxylic acid esters from ketones... 

Zigova, J., Svitel, J., Sturdik, E., 2000. Possibilities of butyric acid production by butanol oxidation with Glucono-bacter oxydans coupled with extraction. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 14 (3), 95-100. 

Butyraldehyde production by butanol oxidation over Ru and Cu catalysts supported on Zr02, Ti02 and Ce02... 

Ceria, titania, and zirconia supported ruthenium and eopper catalysts were tested in the production of n-butanal by n-butanol oxidation. These eatalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The activity tests were performed in a fixed bed reaetor at 0.1 MPa and 623 K and pure mixture of reactants, air and n-butanol, in stequiometric proportion was introduced to the reactor. The rathenium catalysts showed a higher activity and stability than the copper catalysts, nevertheless the copper system showed a higher selectivity toward butyraldehyde production by n-butanol oxidation. 

Keywords butyraldehyde, butanol, oxidation, copper, ruthenium... 

The bioalchols, such as bioethanol, biobutanol or bioglycerol can be converted to oxygenates fuel additives, acetals. The synthesis of acetal takes place by reacting one of these alcohols with and aldehyde, for example, n-butyraldehyde. Nowadays, aldehydes production takes place through hydroformylation reaction of alkenes, but other process such as bioalcohols oxidation can also be employed to produce aldehydes. Due to the origin of these bioalcohols, the production of the aldehydes by this new process is very attractive, therefore the butanol oxidation to butyraldehyde may be a way more consistent with the current environmental policies. 

A series of Zr(0 4)Ce(0 6-x)Mn(x)O2 mixed oxides catalysts with different compositions (x = 0 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48) were prepared by a sol-gel method. The samples calcined at 500°C were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), snrface specific areas (SSA) and H2-TPR measurements and tested in the butanol oxidation. Using a sol-gel method veiy high SSA, small crystallite sizes and high redox properties are obtained especially when manganese content increased in the Zr-Ce-Mn-0 system. The butanol complete oxidation is easier with Mn content increasing. 

Influence of oxygen containing species on methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol oxidation reaction/cyclic voltammetry quasisteady-state analysis Pt(lll), Pt (755) and Pt (332) NaOH solution Pt was treated electrochemically to get the desired surface structure... 

General mechanism for methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol oxidation is suggested. 

Serinyel Z, Togbe C, Dayma G, Daguat P. An experimental and modeling study of 2-methyl-l-butanol oxidation in a jet-stirred reactor. Combust Flame. 2014 161 3003-3013. 

Butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, colourless syrupy liquid with a strong odour of rancid butter b.p. (sTC. Occurs in butter as the glycerol ester. Prepared by oxidation of 1 -butanol or by the fermentation of sugary or starchy materials by B. subtilis etc. Oxidized... 

Normal butyl alcohol, propyl carbinol, n-butanol, 1-buianol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. B.p. 117 C. Manufactured by reduction of crotonaldehyde (2-buienal) with H2 and a metallic catalyst. Forms esters with acids and is oxidized first to butanal and then to butanoic acid. U.S. production 1978 300 000 tonnes. 

CH3CH1CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH. Colourless liquid with a pleasant odour b.p. 17rC. Manufactured by heating ethylene oxide with 1-butanol in the presence of nickel sulphate as a catalyst. Used as a solvent in brushing lacquers. 

Oxidative rearrangement takes place in the oxidation of the 1-vinyl-l-cyclo-butanol 31, yielding the cyclopentenone derivative 32[84], Ring contraction to cyclopropyl methyl ketone (34) is observed by the oxidation of 1-methylcyclo-butene (33)[85], and ring expansion to cyclopentanone takes place by the reaction of the methylenecyclobutane 35. [86,87]... 

Acetylene is also protected as propargyl alcohol (300)[2H], which is depro-tected by hydrolysis with a base, or oxidation with MnOi and alkaline hydrolysis. Sometimes, propargyl alcohols are isomerized to enals. Propargyl alcohol (300) reacts with 3-chloropyridazine (301) and EtiNH to give 3-diethylami-noindolizine (303) in one step via the enal 302[2I2]. Similarly, propargyl alcohol reacts with 2-halopyridines and secondary amines. 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (304) is another masked acetylene, and is unmasked by treatment with KOH or NaOH in butanol[205,206,213-2l5] or in situ with a phase-transfer cata-lyst[2l6]. 

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