Integrated extraction

While offering a more inherently realistic method of solution, however, the technique may cause some additional problems in the numerical solution, since high values of Kl can lead to increased stiffness in the differential equations. Thus in using this technique, a compromise between the approach to equilibrium and the speed of numerical solution may have to be adopted. Continuous single-stage extraction is treated in the simulation example EQEX. Reaction with integrated extraction is demonstrated in simulation example REXT. 

REXT - Reaction with Integrated Extraction of Inhibitory Product... 

Consider the necessity to extract a product which impedes a reaction in a continuous tank system. This can be accomplished with an integrated extraction unit, here a liquid-liquid extraction system. 

Information flow in model 7 Integral action time 182 Integral control 97, 547 Integral control constant 97, 507 Integrated extraction 335 Integration... 

Continuous Multicomponent Distillation Column 501 Gas Separation by Membrane Permeation 475 Transport of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment 565 Residence Time Distribution Studies 381 Nitrification in a Fluidised Bed Reactor 547 Conversion of Nitrobenzene to Aniline 329 Non-Ideal Stirred-Tank Reactor 374 Oscillating Tank Reactor Behaviour 290 Oxidation Reaction in an Aerated Tank 250 Classic Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Curves 569 Auto-Refrigerated Reactor 295 Batch Reactor of Luyben 253 Reversible Reaction with Temperature Effects 305 Reversible Reaction with Variable Heat Capacities 299 Reaction with Integrated Extraction of Inhibitory Product 280... 

Zigova J, Sturdik E, Vandak D, and Schlosser S. Butyric acid production by Clostridium butyricum with integrated extraction and pertraction. Process Biochem (Oxford), 1999 34(8) 835-843. 

The advantage of the LMs is integrating extraction and back-extraction of the desired analyte(s) into one step. Using protonation and deprotonation reactions, selected hydrophobic carriers with carboxyl groups have been shown effective in the separation of amino acids, if the carboxyl functionality was ionized [123]. Optimum values of the stability constants of the complexes between particular amino acids and carrier(s) can be found to increase extraction efficiencies. However, the kinetics of mass transfer often has a more pronounced impact on the efficiency of extraction [118]. 

The substances to be extracted may be adsorbed on the outer surface, on the surface of pores, or evenly distributed within the solid or the plant cells. Each of these different distributions has some influence on the course of the extraction. However, the integral extraction curve is usually of a relative simple form. 

Figure 2.2-2 (a) Integral extraction curve showing the total amount of extract against time of extraction, (b) Extraction rate curve showing the amount of extract in a given time interval, plotted against time of extraction or amount of solvent. 

Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) integrates extraction and clean-up in a single step, and greatly speeds-up sample throughput. It has also been proposed for the isolation of several organophosphate esters, mainly flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor dust samples (Garcia et al. 2007). 

Non-refined cold pressed crude palm oil, also called Red Pahn Oil , has been consumed in Central and West Africa since time immemorial, as it has also been in Central America and Brazil. Red pahn oil has a wonderful rich flavour it is the richest known natural product in tocotrienols and carotenes, which give rise to the red colour. Development of techniques like integrated extraction technologies to recover these functional components from pahn oil has contributed to the emergence of the nutraceutical industry in Malaysia that produces tocopherol and tocotrienol capsules, carotene-rich palm oil and pahn... 

Gonzalez-Munoz, M.J., Laque, S., Alvarez, J.R., Coca, J., Simulation of integrated extraction and stripping processes using membrane contactors. Desalination 163,1, 2004. 

Thus, the product A Q(T) is a Laplace transform of p E)k E), but with a shift of E in the variable of integration extracting the inverse we have, by analogy with equation (4.3)... 

Figure 3. Left Integral extraction curve. Total amount of extract against time of extraction. Part 1 is linear ...

However, it is necessary to first consider a concern for the design of integrated extraction-clean-up-reversed phase HPLC analytical methods that arises from... 

Pressure Swing Extractive Pressure Swing with Heat Integration Extractive with Heat Integration... 

In this section we compare the steady-state design and the dynamic control of heat-integrated extractive and pressure-swing processes. The same numbers of trays used in the base-case designs are used in both systems. The systems have not been reoptimized for heat integration. Only partial heat integration is considered in which an auxiliary reboiler is used. 

The TAG of the heat-integrated extractive system is 2,980,000/y. This should be compared with the base-case TAG of 3,750,000/y. Total capital investment is essentially the same in the base and heat-integrated designs ( 3,000,000), while energy cost is reduced from 2,720,000 to 1,980,000. 

Figure 11.12 Aspen Dynamics flowsheet equations for heat-integrated extractive process and pressure-compensated temperature.

Figure 11.13 shows the control structure for the heat-integrated extractive system. The three block arrows point to the changes that have been made from the base-case control stmcture. 

The effectiveness of this control structure on the heat-integrated extractive distillation system is compared with that of the partially heat-integrated pressure-swing distillation system discussed in Chapter 6 in Figure 11.14. The controllability is quite similar. 

Ward JL, Baker JM, and Beale MH (2007) Recent applications of NMR spectroscopy in plant metabolomics. FEBS J. 274 1126-1131 Weckwerth W (2007) Metabolomics methods and protocols. Humana press, Totowa, NJ Weckwerth W (2008) Integration of metabolomics and proteomics in molecular plant physiology -coping with the complexity by data-dimension-ality reduction. Physiol. Plant. 132 176-189 Weckwerth W, Wenzel K, and Fiehn O (2004) Process for the integrated extraction, identification and quantification of metabolites, proteins and RNA to reveal their co-regulation in biochemical networks. Proteomics 4 78-83 Wouters FS, Verveer PJ, and Bastiaens PIH (2001) Imaging biochemistry inside cells. Trends Cell Biol 11 203-211... 

Weckwerth, W., Wenzel, K., and Fiehn, O. (2004) Process for the integrated extraction identification and quantification of metabolites, proteins and RNA to reveal their co-regulation in biochemical networks. Proteomics, 4 (1), 78-83. 

---