Braids

Bradyrhizobium Bragg effects Bragg equation Braggite Bragg mirrors Bragg reflector Bragg s law Braids Brain... 

Fiberboard boxes Fiber bonding resins Fiber boxes Fiber braiding Fiber can packaging Fiber diffraction... 

Torsional Braid Analyzf Torsional pendulum Tortoiseshell Torulaspora rosei Torula yeast... 

Most extmded latex fibers are double covered with hard yams in order to overcome deficiencies of the bare threads such as abrasiveness, color, low power, and lack of dyeabiUty. During covering, the elastic thread is wrapped under stretch which prevents its return to original length when the stretch force is removed thus the fiber operates farther on the stress—strain curve to take advantage of its higher elastic power. Covered mbber fibers are commonly found in narrow fabrics, braids, surgical hosiery, and strip lace. 

Includes ribbons, braids, seat belts, and furniture webbing. 

The original yams were marketed as silk substitutes for use in apparel, hosiery, lace, home furnishings, ribbons, braids, and in a whole range of fabrics using blends with cotton or wool yams. As the end uses expanded beyond silk replacement, the harsh metallic luster of the yam proved disadvantageous and dull "matt" fibers had to be developed. Oil dulling was invented (11) in 1926, and an improved method using titanium dioxide was developed (12) in 1929. 

In the Philippines, the principal suppHer of abaca fiber, the fibrous layer ia the sheath is separated with a knife between the layers, and the strips of fiber-containing layers, called tuxies, are pulled off and cleaned by hand to remove the pulp. In Indonesia and Central America these operations are performed mechanically. Hand- and spiadle-stripped fiber is graded for braids, fine textiles, and cordage decorticated fiber is another class. A cross-sectional view is shown ia Figure 4a. The abaca fiber has a large lumen and the presence of siUcified plates is not unusual. 

Data Communication Wires. Electronic cables such as data communication wires employ three basic designs coaxial, twisted pair, and fiber optics (3,4) (Eig. 1). Coaxial cables are so named because the axis of curvature of its outer conductor is concentric to its inner central wire. The metal braiding wrapped around the insulated center wire acts as the return current conductor in addition to shielding the wire from various interferences. 

Eig. 1. Cable designs (a) coaxial cable (b) twisted pair cable can be unshielded, as in regular telephone wiring, or shielded (as shown here) with braiding or... 

The twists of twisted pair cable act as a shield against radio frequency interference (REI), and electromagnetic interference (EMI), and against the cross talk interference that a wire exerts on nearby wires the more twist the less interference. Telephone wires can use large numbers of pairs. In most cases the pairs are not shielded with braiding or foil, as shown in Eigure lb for data communication wire. Data communication wires work at very high... 

The method of measuting iasulation resistance varies with each type of device or product. The iasulation resistance of iasulated wire is the resistance between the conductor and the outside of the iasulation. When the iasulation is covered by a metallic sheath or braid the measurement is made between the conductor and the sheath. Insulated wire with no sheath is usuaUy immersed ia water and the resistance measured between the conductor and the water after the wire has been immersed for a specified period of time. 

Table 3. Effect of Fiber Braiding on Fracture Energy of Alumina Fiber/Al—Li Composite ...

The cure of novolaks with hexa has been studied with differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) and torsional braid analysis (tba) (46) both a high ortho novolak and a conventional acid-cataly2ed system were included. The dsc showed an exothermic peak indicating a novolak—hexa reaction ca 20°C higher than the gelation peak observed in tba. Activation energies were also calculated. 

Softening and cure is examined with the help of a torsional pendulum modified with a braid (65), which supports thermosets such as phenoHcs and epoxies that change from a Hquid to a soHd on curing. Another method uses vibrating arms coupled to a scrim-supported sample to measure storage and loss moduH as a function of time and temperature. An isothermal analytical method for phenoHc resins provides data regarding rate constants and activation energies and allows prediction of cure characteristics under conditions of commercial use (47). 

Hoses must be made for anhydrous ammonia service 2500 kPa (348 psig) working pressure and stamped for this service. In locations where hoses may be abraded, wke braid armored or reinforced hose types should be used. Hose ends should have boss or other acceptable ak kon ferruled couplings. 

Polydioxanone (PDS) is completely elirninated from the body upon absorption. The mechanism of polydioxanone degradation is similar to that observed for other synthetic bioabsorbable polymers. Polydioxanone degradation in vitro was affected by gamma irradiation dosage but not substantially by the presence of enzymes (39). The strength loss and absorption of braided PDS, but not monofilament PDS, implanted in infected wounds, however, was significantly greater than in noninfected wounds. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. l-Methyl-2-pyrrohdinone is available in tank cars or tank trailers as well as in dmms. Shipping containers are normally of unlined steel. Rubber hose is unsuitable for handling standard steel pipe or braided steel hose is acceptable. Ordinarily 1020 carbon steel (0550) is satisfactory as a storage material. Stainless-steel 304 and 316, nickel, and aluminum are also suitable. MethylpyrroHdinone is hygroscopic and must be protected from atmospheric moisture. In September 1994, NMP was Hsted at 3.89/kg. 

RCF is sold in a variety of forms, such as loose fiber, blanket, boards, modules, cloth, cements, putties, paper, coatings, felt, vacuum-formed shapes, rope, braid, tape, and textiles. The products are principally used for industrial appHcations as insulation in furnaces, heaters, kiln linings, furnace doors, metal launders, tank car insulation, and other uses up to 1400°C. RCF-consuming industries include ferrous and nonferrous metals, petrochemical, ceramic, glass, chemical, fertiH2er, transportation, constmction, and power generation/incineration. Some newer uses include commercial fire protection and appHcations in aerospace, eg, heat shields and automotive, eg, catalytic converters, metal reinforcement, heat shields, brake pads, and airbags. 

The second main ingredient ia reiaforced plastic is the reinforcement, eg, fibers of glass, carboa, boroa, mineral, cellulose, or polymers. Reinforcements can be configured ia many ways, such as coatiauous or chopped strands, milled fibers, rovings, tows, mats, braids, and woven fabrics. 

Torsional Braid Analyzer (TBA) B 10- -1 Plastics Analysis Instmments, Princeton, N.J. 

Free- Vibration Methods. Free-vibration instmments subject a specimen to a displacement and allow it to vibrate freely. The oscillations are monitored for frequency and damping characteristics as they disappear. The displacement is repeated again and again as the specimen is heated or cooled. The results are used to calculate storage and loss modulus data. The torsional pendulum and torsional braid analy2er (TBA) are examples of free-vibration instmments. 

Shipment and Storage. Sulfur dichloride, if kept dry, is noncorrosive at ambient temperatures, thus carbon steel and Hon can be used Hi the constmction of tanks, piping, and dmms. However, when water or humidity is present, materials resistant to hydrochloric acid must be used, eg, glass-lined pipe. Teflon, titanium, HasteUoy C, or possibly a chemically resistant, glass-reiaforced polyester. Threaded pipe joHits should be assembled with Teflon tape. Hoses should be constmcted with a Teflon inner lining with the outer tube constmcted of Neoprene or braided 316 stainless steel protected by an adequate thickness of Teflon. Sulfur dichloride should be stored away from heat and away from dHect rays of the sum. Toluene and sulfur dichloride react exothermically when catalyzed by Hon or ferric chloride. Safety precautions should be foUowed when such a mixture is present (165). 

Absorbable sutures are classified by the USP into coUagen and synthetic sutures. Synthetic absorbable sutures are available as braids or monofilaments. Absorbable sutures are only intended for indications where temporary wound support is needed. 

Braided Synthetic Absorbable Sutures. Suture manufacturers have searched for many years to find a synthetic alternative to surgical gut. The first successful attempt to make a synthetic absorbable suture was the invention of polylactic acid [26023-30-3] suture (15). The polymer was made by the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide [95-96-5] (1), the cycUc dimer of L-lactic acid. 

Nonabsorbable Natural Sutures. Cotton and silk are the only nonabsorbable sutures made from natural fibers that are stiH available ia the United States. Cotton suture is made from fibers harvested from various species of plants belonging to the genus Gossipium. The fiber is composed principally of ceUulose. The seeds are separated from the cotton boUs, which are carded, combed, and spun iato yams that are then braided or twisted to form sutures ia a range of sizes (Table 4). The suture is bleached with hydrogen peroxide and subsequendy coated (finished or glaced) with starch and wax. The suture may be white or dyed blue with D C Blue No. 9. 

---