Fibrous layer

In the Philippines, the principal suppHer of abaca fiber, the fibrous layer ia the sheath is separated with a knife between the layers, and the strips of fiber-containing layers, called tuxies, are pulled off and cleaned by hand to remove the pulp. In Indonesia and Central America these operations are performed mechanically. Hand- and spiadle-stripped fiber is graded for braids, fine textiles, and cordage decorticated fiber is another class. A cross-sectional view is shown ia Figure 4a. The abaca fiber has a large lumen and the presence of siUcified plates is not unusual. 

Fibrous fillers are often embedded in a laminar form. The fibres used have higher moduli than the resins in which they are embedded so that when the composite of resin plus fibre is strained in the plane of the fibrous layer the bulk of the stress is taken up by the fibre. This results in an enhancement of both strength and modulus when compared with the unfilled resin. 

Outer fibrous layer 0.1-0.5 Very electron-dense material... 

The most important sheeps wool is that of the Merino, remarkable for its thinness and for the great distinctness of the epidermal scales, which are cylindrical or semi-cylindrical. Since these scales have a very pronounced free edge, the fibre appears to have a toothed outline and the fibrous layer below is sometimes faintly apparent as a delicate longitudinal striation. The medulla is always lacking. 

In fact, microscopic examination of a woollen fabric, especially if carded, often reveals the presence of a considerable proportion of fibres whioh do not show the finely toothed outline and the sharply cut ends of natural wool fibres but have evidently undergone profound change (Fig. 86, Plate IX). These fibres may be free from scales either entirely or for more or less of their length, or the scales may be so worn as to be visible only with difficulty. Further, owing to the loss of the outer scales and consequent wearing of the lower fibrous layer, such fibres, which are sometimes very short (scarcely 1-2 mm.) and of irregular diameter, exhibit ends split like a brush. 

The coarser hairs, usually of a darker colour, are covered with fine, serrated, flattened scales, but these are not very distinct. The fibrous layer is always evident and shows scattered linear heaps of pigment. The medulla is appreciably developed and forms an inner cylinder, which follows a rather irregular course and has granular contents. 

Under the microscope these wools appear very similar the epidermal scales are not readily visible, but the fibrous layer is easily seen in the form of a fine striation on which is deposited a finely granular pigment. Some of the hairs, even the slender ones, exhibit a medulla, which is always very narrow and often interrupted. The finest of these wools is that of the vicuna (Fig. 89, Plate IX), which has a mean diameter of about 20 p. 

Thin, fibrous layer composed of dense sheath of collagen and elastic fibers contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves... 

The superficial epithelial layer of the conjunctiva is continuous with the corneal epithelium and stretches over the conjunctival sacs toward the epidermis of the lids. The stratified epithelium varies in thickness from two to four layers at the junction with eyelid margin skin, to six to eight layers at the junction with corneal epithelium [15], The substantia propria of the conjunctiva is divided into two layers, a superficial lymphoid layer and a deeper fibrous layer. The deeper fibrous layer consists of thick, collagenous, elastic tissue that is rich with vessels [15]. 

With the purpose of increase in a specific surface and electroconductivity of GPSi the technology of gas-phase pyrolitic sedimentation of a layer carbon fibrous nanomaterial on a surface of macropores is developed [8]. Process of sedimentation carbon fibrous nanomaterial at catalytic decomposition of the ethanol steam proceeds strictly selectively, and the received material practically does not contain some soot. The nano-fibrous layer of carbon is homogeneously enough located on all surface of macropores (Fig. 8), thickness of a layer makes about 0,1-0,4 microns and depends basically on modes of sedimentation. The layer represents a mix nano-... 

Figure 13 Structure of the Scleractinia skeletons (a) Septal growing zone showing the centers of calcification . Diploastrea. (b) Polished and etched section showing the median line of centers of calcification and the outer fibrous layer. Diploastrea. (c) Detail of centers of calcification with their granular structure, and the growth lines in the fibers. Polished and etched section. Lobophyllia. (d) Polished and etched section showing the regular growth lines. Platygyra...

The liquid is very nourishing, and the flesh is a rich source of protein that can be pressed to produce oil. The sap of the tree is fermented to produce an alcoholic drink, the trunks are used as timber, the leaves are plaited to make thatch, and the fibrous layer of the uit is made into coir matting, rope or compost. 

The nut shells make useful utensils or can be used as a decorative material. When the rough, fibrous layer is ground away the resulting brown surface can take a good polish and is an attractive, warm brown colour. The material can be cut into any shape and used for inexpensive jewellery, as buttons, or as ornamentation on clothes (Figs 12.2 and 12.10). Left whole, the shells have also been made into decorative cups and mounted in silver or silver gilt, or on carved ivory stands, in the same way as calabashes or ostrich eggs (Fig. 12.12). 

Figure 4 Brightfield electron micrographs of ultramictrotomed thin sections (a) CP IDP U222B42, (b) CS IDP U230A43, (c) CP IDP U222B42 with carbonaceous material, GEMS, crystalline silicates (enstatite), and sulfides (FeS), (d) CS IDP U222C29 with fibrous layer lattice silicate (saponite), pyrrhotite (FeS), and the pyroxene...

Nano-composite photocatalysts, CuOx-TiOa, were synthesized from Cu(OAc)2-intercalated fibrous layered titanates by thermal decomposition in different atmospheres (N2, air, and H2). The structural characterization using XRD, UV-vis, XPS, and SEM implied that the composite of partially reduced CuOx and anatase-t)q3e Ti02 in a waffle-like texture would be a reason for the excellent photocatalytic activity for H2 production from CH3OH/H2O mbttures. 

In the present study, a series of composite photocatalysts were synthesized by stepwise ion exchange and intercalation of transition metal acetates into fibrous layered tetratitanate microcrystals (K2TL4O9) and subsequent calcination in different atmospheres. The highest photocatalytic activity obtained for the CuOx-composites was studied in relation to the microstructure. 

Another factor which may indirectly affect recovery for in vivo sampling is the biocompatibility of the probe. The tissue recognizes the probe as a foreign object and may respond by forming a fibrous layer around it. In short-term studies of hours to 2 days, this is not a significant factor. For microdialysis in longer term studies, this fibrous layer would present an additional diffusion barrier and may decrease recovery. In ultrafiltration, since there is bulk flow across the membrane, recovery may not be affected by this barrier however, the added barrier may affect the volume of fluid which is able to reach the membrane. 

The membrane that encloses the pericardial cavity, containing the vertebrate heart. The pericardium holds the heart in position while allowing it to relax and contract. It consists of two main parts a tough outer fibrous layer (fibrous pericardium) and the more delicate serous pericardium, which consists of a double layer of serous membrane, the irmer layer being in close contact with the heart... 

---