Animal feedstuffs

Animal feedstuffs frequently contain finely ground calcium limestone as a source of calcium. In general, high purity products with low levels of toxic impurities (e.g. with lead levels below lOmg/kg) are specified [10.4], 

---

Talc is sold for use in a wide variety of appHcations, including paper (qv), ceramics (qv), roofing, paint (qv), plastics, mbber (qv), cosmetics (qv), pharmaceuticals (qv), adhesives (qv), sealants (qv), and animal feedstuffs (see Feeds and feed additives). In all of these appHcations it is a functional ingredient with specific beneficial properties. Talc is rarely used as a filler because it is much more expensive than alternative minerals such as limestone and clay. 

In another case, a manufacturer of animal feedstuffs bought a starch additive from a Dutch company for incorporation in a milk substitute for calves. The Dutch company was out of stock, so it asked its UK affiliate company to supply the additive the Dutch company quoted the product number. Unfortunately, the UK affiliate used this number to describe a different additive, which was highly toxic. As a result, 68,000 calves were affected, and 4,600 died. Chemicals (and equipment) should be ordered by name and not just by a catalog number [6]. 

Production in the USA is 350000 tonnes annually of which 30% is used in baking-powder formulations, 20% in animal feedstuffs, 15% in chemicals manufacture, 11% in pharmaceuticals, 9% in fire extinguishers and the remaiiung 15% in the textile, leather and paper industries and in soaps, detergents and neutralizing agents. 

Solid materials susceptible to self-heating in air Activated charcoal Animal feedstuffs Beans Bone meal, bone black Brewing grains, spent Leather scrap... 

Food Products and Animal FeedstufFs including meat, milk and flour 135... 

Lignins from waste hquors are also used as extenders for phenoplasts and in adhesives for laminated paper and board, hnoleum pastes, animal feedstuff pellets, etc. 

I. Protein sources, of which the most important current product is called single-cell protein, used in animal feedstuff s. See also Proteins. 

Trimethoprim (TMP) and ormethoprim (OMP) are synergists of SAs that operate by a mechanism of competitive inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase. Sulphonamides (and their synergists) are widely used in farm animal feedstuff and fish cultures furthermore, they act as growth promoters at subtherapeutic concentrations. 

Chemical detoxification processes or decontamination will include degradation, destmction and/or inactivation of the mycotoxin. In any such process the reduction of the mycotoxin to safe levels should not result in toxic degradation products or reduce the palatability or nutritional properties of the commodities. Aflatoxin has been the subject of most studies and only a relatively small number of these offers any hope of success. There is as yet no FDA or EC fully approved method for aflatoxin detoxification in human foods. Current methods in advanced stages of approval use ammonia in the gaseous form or as an ammonium hydroxide solution at various temperatures, pressure, moisture contents and reaction time to degrade aflatoxins in various animal feedstuffs. There have been extensive studies using two processes, viz ... 

Erucic acid is a fatty acid that has toxic properties and has been related to heart disease in humans. Glucosinolates give rise to breakdown products that are toxic to animals. These characteristics make rapeseed products unsuitable as animal feedstuffs but canola, like soybeans, contains both a high oil content and a high protein content and is an excellent feedstuff for poultry. 

Other countries have similar regulations. Limits have also been set on aflatoxin contamination, because of its connection with liver cancer. The FDA guidelines in the USA allow no more than 20 pg/kg aflatoxin in animal feeds. The EU regulation (SI No 283,1998) sets limits between 5 and 50 pg/kg (ppb) for aflatoxin B1 in animal feedstuffs, depending on the feed ingredient and the animal for which the feedstuff is intended. The limit for a complete feedstuff for poultry and pigs was set at 20 pg/kg (ppb). 

The differentiation of epithelial tissue, growth, reproduction and the process of sight are dependent, in mammals and in humans, on an adequate provision of vitamin A. Ensuring this provision is therefore of great importance for nutrition and health in man. Via the vitaminization of animal feedstuff, which ensures healthy animal stocks, the vitamins additionally contribute to the provision of man with adequate and high quality foodstuffs. The vitamin demand arising therefrom could only be covered by synthetically produced products identical to the natural vitamin, a fact which gave a commercial stimulus to the development of industrial production processes. 

Carotenoids are used to an increasing extent for the coloration of foodstuffs and animal feedstuffs, since, as natural constituents of many foodstuffs, they have been part of the human diet for thousands of years and are thus toxicologically acceptable8. The precursors from the vitamin A and carotenoid syntheses also include some of the important fragrances which are used in the perfume industry. In addition, this chemistry led to the synthesis of a number of other interesting flavors and fragrances. 

Low (e.g. 500-20,000 lb/in.2) 2-4 Mixed fertilizers, raw phosphate ore, oil shale, resins Coal, charcoal, coke, animal feedstuffs Crude phosphate... 

It is with the topic of analyte determination in foods by the technique of analytical AAS that this chapter is concerned. Analyte quantitation (d above) by this technique is thus the main thrust of this treatment, but of necessity, the intimately related procedures of sample treatment (b) and analyte separation and manipulation (c) will also be discussed insofar as they bear on quantitative measurement by AAS. Food for human consumption is the main concern of this chapter. Peripheral discussion, however, of allied commodities such as plants and animal feedstuffs, is included to make the treatment more comprehensive, especially in areas where there is a dearth of publications relating to food-analysis applications of atomic spectrometry. For detailed accounts of methodologies bearing on such related materials, the reader is referred to the other chapters in this volume. 

The second major example of a process-induced chemical side reaction was the formation of dichiorovlnylcysteine. Diehloro-vinylcysteine was formed when soybean oil meal was extracted with trichloroethylene for the removal of the fat in the production of animal feedstuffs (39) (Table VIII). The symptoms were first observed in cattle fed the extracted meal. The cattle developed hemorrhagic symptoms and many died. This process was discontinued. Although the trichloroethylene-processed soybean meal was entirely designated for animal feed, there was the possibility that small amounts could have found their way into human... 

Potential Agents that Can Cause Contamination of Animal Feedstuffs and Terror... 

A brief review of the agri-food ecosystem is important in the discussion of terrorist-linked toxicology of animal feedstuffs. Generally, the activities and technologies in the agroecosystem are maximized for human control and economic... 

Cyanide is considered a terrorist weapon (Wismer, 2007 Ballantyne and Salem, 2008). Cyanide has a history of use in controlling problem wildlife and unwanted farrow animals (Westergaard, 1982 Wiemeyer et al, 1986). Cyanide in a solid form could be used to adulterate feedstuffs. Two common forms of cyanide salts are sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide. Cyanide could be ineor-porated into animal feedstuffs, especially concentrate and mineral mixes. 

Large numbers of cattle and other domestic livestock have been poisoned with insecticides that were inadvertently incorporated into feedstuffs. There have been instances where the same transport vessels have been used to trans-port/store insecticides, seeding crops, and silage, resulting in cross-contamination. Insecticides eould be used by terrorists to adulterate animal feedstuffs. The toxicology and... 

Coppock, R.W. (2009). Potential agents that can cause contamination of animal feedstuffs and terror. In Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents (R.C. Gupta, ed.), pp. 739 5. Academic Press/Elsevier, New York. Cunningham, S.A. (2005). Incident, accident, catastrophe cyanide on the Danube. Disasters 29 99-128. 

Permission granted from AOCS to reprint from The Proceedings of the World Congress on Vegetable Protein Utilization In Human Foods and Animal Feedstuffs (102). 

M. A. Williams, Extrusion of Rice Bran, in T. H. Applewhite, ed.. Proceedings of the World Conference, Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Foods and Animal Feedstuffs, AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois (1989). 

---