Bone, analysis

For specialized data analysis such as DMA mechanical properties or DSC reaction kinetics, only the bare bones analysis code need be written and Interfaced to MARS. 

Depending on the manufacturer, it may be possible to process the scan data for viewing and deriving bone metric analysis on the scan unit itself (see Note 11). In the event that a viewing or a bone analysis package is locally unavailable, several commercially available software packages are offered for download (see Note 12). 

For the calcined bone analysis, review of the data for 20 elements for each replicate sample presented patterns of elements which tracked... 

Coincident with this new technique for procurement of human bone biopsies was the development of quantitive methods of bone analysis.12 These methods include histochemical analysis of both decalcified and unde-calcified42 48 bone sections, microradiography,44 tetracycline labeling45 and autoradiography.42 The latter two techniques require administration of a tetracycline antibiotic or isotopic tracer prior to procurement of the biopsy. Undecalcified thin sections, prepared with the use of a Jung microtome after the bone core is fixed, dehydrated and embedded in methacrylate,45 are analyzed by intersect and point count methods46 47 which permit three-dimensional assessment.48 49 Tetracycline antibiotics deposit in vivo in sites of bone formation constituting markers which can be studied in undecalcified sections by fluorescence microscopy.45 47 This represents the safest and best tissue time marker for microscopic measurement of bone formation dynamics. 

Bone analysis. Bone is ashed for 4 hr at SOO C and, after cooling, is dissolved in as little HNOg as possible and diluted with H2O to a known volume, and a sviitable aliquot of this solution is taken for analysis. The. amount of bone ash should not exceed 250 mg for every 75-ml volume of the aqueous phase. The aliquots are evaporated to dryness under a heat lamp to minimize the amotmt of HNOg and then put in solution with 4 ml of concentrated HCCXJH, and a 60-ml portion of 2.5 HgSO is added. This solution is heated in a water bath until it is clear, and then transferred to a separatory funnel. Transfer is completed with a 10-ml rinse of distilled water. Any CaSO that forms does not interfere. Pu is extracted as described above. 

FTA is somewhat similar to fish-bone analysis another hazard analysis method (Fig. V/3.0-4). When compared with fishbone analysis shown and discussed in Fig. V/3.0-3 and Fig. V/3.0-4 respectively, FTA is more formal and specific, that is, it resolves basic causes for the accidental event or consequences. 

Figure 28 Ochred bone analysis the Raman spectra of a 3000-year-old specimen of red-stained human skeletal remains from a sambaqui in Santa Catarina, Brazil clearly show evidence of a lime concretion between the tissue and applied pigment. 

The second and more elaborate method for estimating the imcertainty of data points is a thorough investigation of each step in the experimental process. These steps are then illustrated, for example, using a fish bone structure using a table with corresponding uncertainties. An example of such a fish bone analysis for the determination of a distribution ratio in a liquid-liquid extraction experiment using an acidic extractant and a radioactive metal tracer for concentration... 

The vitamin D3 metabolite la,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is a lifesaving drug in treatment of defective bone formation due to renal failure. Retrosynthetic analysis (E.G. Baggjolint, 1982) revealed the obvious precursors shown below, a (2-cyclohexylideneethyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (A) and an octahydro-4f/-inden-4-one (B), to be connected in a Wittig-Homer reaction (cf. section 1.5). 

Samples of animal bones weighing approximately 3 g are ashed at 600 °C until the entire bone is ash-white. Samples are then crushed in a mortar and pestle. A portion of the sample is digested in HCl and diluted to a known volume. The concentrations of zinc and strontium are determined by atomic absorption. The analysis for strontium illustrates the use of a protecting agent as La(N03)3 is added to prevent an interference due to the formation of refractory strontium phosphate. 

Fundamentally, introduction of a gaseous sample is the easiest option for ICP/MS because all of the sample can be passed efficiently along the inlet tube and into the center of the flame. Unfortunately, gases are mainly confined to low-molecular-mass compounds, and many of the samples that need to be examined cannot be vaporized easily. Nevertheless, there are some key analyses that are carried out in this fashion the major one i.s the generation of volatile hydrides. Other methods for volatiles are discussed below. An important method of analysis uses lasers to vaporize nonvolatile samples such as bone or ceramics. With a laser, ablated (vaporized) sample material is swept into the plasma flame before it can condense out again. Similarly, electrically heated filaments or ovens are also used to volatilize solids, the vapor of which is then swept by argon makeup gas into the plasma torch. However, for convenience, the methods of introducing solid samples are discussed fully in Part C (Chapter 17). 

Some solid materials are very intractable to analysis by standard methods and cannot be easily vaporized or dissolved in common solvents. Glass, bone, dried paint, and archaeological samples are common examples. These materials would now be examined by laser ablation, a technique that produces an aerosol of particulate matter. The laser can be used in its defocused mode for surface profiling or in its focused mode for depth profiling. Interestingly, lasers can be used to vaporize even thermally labile materials through use of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) method variant. 

Thermal neutron activation analysis has been used for archeological samples, such as amber, coins, ceramics, and glass biological samples and forensic samples (see Forensic chemistry) as weU as human tissues, including bile, blood, bone, teeth, and urine laboratory animals geological samples, such as meteorites and ores and a variety of industrial products (166). 

COMBINED APPLICATION OF COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE ANALYSIS METHODS TO THE DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION AND LOCATION IN BONE... 

In frames of the present work the problems of elemental analysis of human bio-substrates (blood semm, hair and bones) are diseussed. Sample pretreatment proeedures using ash and mineral aeids digestion were developed. The main sourees of systematie errors were studied and their elimination ways were suggested. 

Metaphase analysis or microiuidc-us assay in rodent bone marrow... 

We proposed to study diet and health by combining bone chemistry and histomorphometry. Diet would be determined by analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in bone protein and some preserved hair. In addition, trace elements would be quantitatively analyzed in preserved bone mineral. Abonyi (1993) participated in the study by reconstructing the diet from historical sources and analyzing various foods. Having analyzed human tissues for stable isotopes and trace elements, and foods for the same variables, we hoped to learn more about 19th century diet in southern Ontario, and at the same time, learn more about paleodiet reconstruction. 

Human Bone—Extraction of the Organic Fraction and Amino Acid Analysis... 

Stable isotope analyses of the organic fraction of bone and of food samples was carried out on a Micromass Prism Mass Spectrometer in the Stable Isotope Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Calgary, under the direction of H.R. Krouse. Collagen samples were combusted in a Carlo Erba gas analyser which provides information on the carbon and nitrogen content of the samples andintroduces Nior CO gases into the mass spectrometer for analysis of nitrogen or carbon stable isotopes, respectively. 

Nineteen bone samples were prepared for analysis of the trace elements strontium (Sr), rubidium (Rb), and zinc (Zn). The outer surface of each bone was removed with an aluminum oxide sanding wheel attached to a Dremel tool and the bone was soaked overnight in a weak acetic acid solution (Krueger and Sullivan 1984, Price et al. 1992). After rinsing to neutrality, the bone was dried then crushed in a mill. Bone powder was dry ashed in a muffle furnace at 700°C for 18 hours. Bone ash was pressed into pellets for analysis by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Analyses were carried out in the Department of Geology, University of Calgary. 

Stable Isotope Analysis, Bone Organic Fraction... 

The diet of the 19 century residents of Upper Canada was determined from historical sources and was reproduced in order to carry out chemical analysis. Stable carbon isotope analysis of food and human bone demonstrates that the spacing between the food eaten and the bone collagen is around 5.6%o. The value may vary slightly from this estimate since the latter is based on a reconstructed diet and a large number of bone samples, which exhibit a small amount of variation. Nevertheless, this empirically derived result agrees well with estimates from field (Vogel 1978), and laboratory studies (reviewed in Ambrose 1993). 

Ezzo, J.A. 1994 Zinc as a paleodietary indicator An issue of theoretical validity in bone-chemistry analysis. American Antiquity 59 606-621. 

Katzenberg, M.A. 1992 Advances in stable isotope analysis of prehistoric bones. In Saunders, S.R. and Katzenberg, M.A., eds.. The Skeletal Biology of Past Peoples Research Methods. New York, Wiley-Liss 105-120. 

Lambert, J.B. and Weydert-Homeyer, J.M. 1993 Dietary inferences from element analysis of bone. 

Tykot, R.H., van der Merwe, N.J. and Hammond, N. 1996 Stable isotope analysis of bone collagen, bone apatite, and tooth enamel in the reconstruction of human diet. A case study from Cuello, Belize. In Orna, M.V., ed., Archaeological Chemistry Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical Analysis. ACS Symposium Series 625, Washington, DC, American Chemical Society 355-365. 

White, C.D. and Schwarcz, H.P. 1989 Ancient Maya diet as inferred from isotopic and elemental analysis of human bone. JoumaZ o/ Archaeological Science 16 451M74. 

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