Stable carbon isotope analysis

Cotte, J. F., Casabianca, H., Lheritier,J., Perrucchietti, C., Sanglar, C., Waton, FI., and Grenier-Laustalot, M. F. (2007). Study and validity of 13C stable carbon isotope ratio analysis by mass spectrometry and 2H site-specific natural isotopic fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance isotopic measurements to characterize and control the authenticity of honey. Anal. Chim. Acta 582,125-136. 

Giraudon, S., Danzart, M., and Merle, M. H. (2000). Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and stable carbon isotope ratio analysis/mass spectrometry of certain monofloral honeys.. AOAC Int. 83,1401-1409. 

Lee, K., Gillatt, P. and Rossell, J.B. (1993) Authenticity of edible vegetable oils and fats, Part XX determination of maize oil purity by stable carbon isotope ratio analysis (SCIRA). Leatherhead Food RA Research Reports No. 719. Leatherhead Food RA, UK. 

J 5). Average analytical variability of sample preparation and stable carbon isotope ratio analysis is +0.2 (1 ). A Carlo-Erba Model 1106 Elemental Analyzer was employed to determine percent organic carbon and nitrogen in each sediment sample. Analytical variation of sample analysis is 20 (17). 

The isotopic distribution found in natural F F compounds serves as a signature that analysts can use to differentiate natural compounds from synthetic analogs. The metabolic pathways that plants use to create carbon compounds discriminate between C and C. The C/ C ratio of the carbon dioxide the plant uses as a reactant differs from the C/ C ratio of the compounds the plant produces. Stable carbon isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) measures the C/ C ratio and can authenticate the natural or synthetic origins of some F F materials. SIRA applied to isotopes of hydrogen, or D and H can also serve to authenticate natural F F materials. When combined with GC the on-line or D/ H SIRA analysis can authenticate each component in a complex mixture such as a cinnamon bark oil (19). 

The diet of the 19 century residents of Upper Canada was determined from historical sources and was reproduced in order to carry out chemical analysis. Stable carbon isotope analysis of food and human bone demonstrates that the spacing between the food eaten and the bone collagen is around 5.6%o. The value may vary slightly from this estimate since the latter is based on a reconstructed diet and a large number of bone samples, which exhibit a small amount of variation. Nevertheless, this empirically derived result agrees well with estimates from field (Vogel 1978), and laboratory studies (reviewed in Ambrose 1993). 

Liden, K., Takahasi, C. and Nelson, D.E. 1995 The effects of lipids in stable carbon isotope analysis and the effects of NaOH treatment on the composition of extracted bone collagen. Journal ofArchaeological Science 22 321-326. 

Tieszen, L.L., Boutton, T.W., Tesdahl, K.G., Slade, N. A. (1983). Fractionation and turnover of stable carbon isotopes in animal tissues implications for dl3C analysis of diet. Oecologia, Vol. 57, pp. 32-37. 

Griebler C, M Safinowski, A Vieth, HH Richnow, RU Meckenstock (2004) Combined application of stable carbon isotope analysis and specific metabolites determination for assessing in situ degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in a tar oil-contaminated aquifer. Environ Sci Technol 38 617-631. 

Jim, S., Jones, V., Ambrose, S. H. and Evershed, R. P. (2006) Quantifying dietary macronutrient sources of carbon for bone collagen using natural abundance stable carbon isotope analysis. British Journal of Nutrition 95, 1055 1062. 

Ramsay, M. A. and Hobson, K. A. (1991) Polar bears make little use of terrestrial food webs evidence from stable carbon isotope analysis. Oecologia 86, 598 600. 

Silfer, J. A., Engel, M. H., Macko, S. A. and Jumeau, E. J. (1991). Stable carbon isotope analysis of amino acid enantiomers by conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometry and combined gas chromatography isotope ratio massspectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 63, 370 374. 

Lee-Thorp, J.A., van der Merwe, N.J. and Brain, C.K. (1994). Diet of Australopithecus robustus at Swartkrans from stable carbon isotopic analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 27 361-372. 

Gilhooly WP, Macko SA, Turekian VG, Swap RJ, Garstang M, Ruddiman WF, Stable carbon isotopic analysis of charcoal from single plant sources, in Levine JS... 

Dettman DL, Kohn MJ, Quade J, Ryerson FJ, Ojha TP, Hamidullah S (2001) Seasonal stable isotope evidence for a strong Asian monsoon throughout the past 10.7 m.y. Geology 29 31-34 Dettman DL, Lohmann KC (1995) Approaches to microsampling carbonates for stable isotope and minor element analysis Physical separation of samples on a 20 micrometer scale. J Sedimentary Petrol A65 566-... 

Stable carbon isotope ratios have also been used to determine the sources of lake DOC. Baron et al. (1991) used 13C analysis to show that autochthonous sources dominated the DOC of an alpine lake during most periods while allochthonous sources dominated the DOC in a subalpine lake. The high DOC concentrations observed during spring snowmelt and early summer in both lakes, however, were mostly derived from allochthonous sources. As with streams and rivers, synoptic regional studies of 13C and 14C would provide important new information on broad spatial patterns and controls on the sources of DOC in lakes. 

Lopez-Capel, E., Bol, R., and Manning, D. A. C. (2005a). Application of simultaneous thermal analysis mass spectrometry and stable carbon isotope analysis in a carbon sequestration study. Rapid Comm. Mass. Spect. 19, 3192-3198. 

Boschker, H.T.S., de Brower, I.F.C., and Cappenberg, T.E. (1999) The contribution of macrophyte-derived organic matter to microbial biomass in salt-marsh sediments Stable carbon isotope analysis of microbial biomarkers. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 309-319. 

Minor element contents and isotopic ratios are used for physiological purposes. Sr/Ca ratios in bone and teeth are said to reflect the diet of the animal (herbivores versus carnivores). Stable isotope analysis of teeth and bones provides direct information on the lifetime diets the nitrogen isotopes reflect the trophic level of the protein that has been consumed. Within an ecosystem, they can identify herbivores and carnivores, while the carbon isotopes tell mainly about the amount of protein in the diets from terrestrial versus marine ecosystems. 

Two analytical approaches have been adopted in attempts to obtain stable-isotopic information on insoluble organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites stepped-combustion analysis (e.g., Kerridge, 1983 Swart et al, 1983) and CSIA of pyrolysis products (e.g., Sephton et al, 1998). Stepped-combustion analysis has proved to be more successful in providing information on the major-elemental constituents of chondritic organic matter, i.e., carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, whereas CSIA has started to yield detailed carbon isotopic and structural information. 

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