Fish-bone structure

An analogous fish-bone structure of the ET donors similar to the a phase is found in the O phase of (ET)2l3 [147]. In this compound the IJ ions are partly replaced by Aul with incurring superconductivity at Tc 3.6 K [148] (see also the discussion in [33]). There, however, two neighboring ET layers are nonequivalent. The molecules are tilted by 20° from plane to plane. Within the layer the donors in each stack are centrosymmetric leading to an orthorhombic structure. In a subsequent report, however, a monoclinic cell twice as large was proposed to describe all atomic positions of the iodine [149]. 

A deformation of a lamellar block copolymer in the direction perpendicular to the lamellae orientation results in processes of kinking, breaking, and twisting of lamellae, yielding a fish-bone structure or chevron morphoiogy. 

The second and more elaborate method for estimating the imcertainty of data points is a thorough investigation of each step in the experimental process. These steps are then illustrated, for example, using a fish bone structure using a table with corresponding uncertainties. An example of such a fish bone analysis for the determination of a distribution ratio in a liquid-liquid extraction experiment using an acidic extractant and a radioactive metal tracer for concentration... 

Figure 3.12 A fish bone structure for illustrating contributing uncertainties in the determination of a D ratio. (Adapted from Andersson et al. (2003).)...

Shimosaka, C. (1999). Relationship between chemical composition and crystalline structure in fish bone during cooking. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 26 173-182. 

The biocrystalline layer of avian egg shells is approximately 270-300 jum thick (chicken). It can be divided into morphological units as follows eisospherites, organic matrix core, zone of tabular aggregates, zone fish bone patterns, external zone, cuticle, and organic matrix. Details of the morphological structure have been reviewed recently28, 374). 

Figure 2,16 shows the crystal structure of a-(ET)2NH4Hg(SCN)4 [140]. The most obvious structural features are the fish-bone arrangement of the ET molecules in the conducting layer and the thick three-layered polymeric anion, two layers of thiocyanate and one with Hg " and NH4 in between. The ET donors in the stack labeled II in Fig. 2.16b are located at nonequivalent inversion centers denoted by B and C, whereas the ET molecules in stack I are at equivalent positions (.41 and A2). Therefore, the unit cell contains two formula units. Within the a-phase family the unit-cell parameters are very similar with a slightly increasing cell volume from M = T1 towards M = Rb (see Table 2.1). 

In block copolymers with lamellar morphology, mechanical properties and deformation structures vary with the orientation of the lamellae with respect to the direction of applied load. When the material is loaded in a perpendicular direction to the lamellar orientation, lamellae are folded in a fish-bone-like arrangement (57). Such a lamellar folding in a solution cast film of an SBS triblock copolymer is shown in Figure 20 (58). 

The same parallels can be drawn when looking at different types of CNF structures. It was found that palladium supported on platelet type CNFs exhibited higher performances for the ORR than fish-bone-type CNFs which was a result of the greater edge to basal plane atoms of the platelet type CNFs. Tsuji et al. found similar results where they tested and compared the activity of platinum-ruthenium on different types of CNF structures platelet, tubular, and herringbone, and found that catalysts prepared on platelet-type CNFs exemplified higher onset reduction potentials and current peak potentials for the ORR than the other structures (Tsuji et al., 2007). 

The animal kingdom is also rich in fibers, ranging from silk to wool to human hair. Bone structure and teeth of most animals and fish are fibrous in stmcture. Hides, skins, tendons, and other parts are either natural fibers or can be converted into fibers by processing. 

The technique used to categorize and structure the JHA is the cause and effect diagram, which provides a visual picture of the job, its steps, and tasks. This diagram developed by Ishikawa is also known as a Fishbone diagram (Fishbone, n.d.j.The fishbone allows the JHA developer to list all of the elements of the job as well all of the tasks as they relate to specific steps. Additional fish bones are used to collect the data outlined above at both the macro level (steps) and a micro view (tasks). 

Bone and teeth in mammals and bony fishes all rely on calcium phosphates in the form of hydroxyapatite [Ca5(P04)30H]2, usually associated with around 5% carbonate (and referred to as carbonated apatite). The bones of the endoskeleton and the dentin and enamel of teeth have a high mineral content of carbonated apatite, and represent an extraordinary variety of structures with physical and mechanical properties exquisitely adapted to their particular function in the tissue where they are produced. We begin by discussing the formation of bone and then examine the biomineralization process leading to the hardest mineralized tissue known, the enamel of mammalian teeth. 

Protein-Based Adhesives. Protein-based adhesives are normally used as structural adhesives they are all polyamino acids that are derived from blood, fish skin, casein [9000-71-9], soybeans, or animal hides, bones, and connective tissue (collagen). Setting or cross-linking methods typically used are insolubilization by means of hydrated lime and denaturation. Denaturation methods require energy7 which can come from heat, pressure, or radiation, as well as chemical denaturants such as carbon disulfide [75-15-0] or thiourea [62-56-6]. Complexing salts such as those based upon cobalt, copper, or chromium have also been used. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde donors such as hexametliylenetetraamine can be used to form cross-links. Removal of water from a protein will also often denature the material. 

Vitamin D is necessary in the diet for the prevention of rickets, a disease involving malformation of the bones and unsatisfactory development of the teeth. There are several substances with anti-rachitic activity. The form that occurs in oils from fish livers is called vitamin Dg it has the following chemical structure ... 

In the early 1940s. R. J. Williams et al. used the term folic add in referring to a vitamin occurring in leaves and foliage of spinach, from the Latin for leaf (folium). Prc i-ously. it was called vitamin M and vitomin Bt/. Since then, folic acid has been found in whey, mushrooms, liver, yciut. bone marrow, soybeans, and fish meal, oil of which are ex-ccllent dietary sources. The structure (.sec diagram) has been proved by synthesis in many laboratories (e.g.. see Waller et al. -"-... 

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