Bone, calcined

Carbon-based blacks group Cokes sub-group Bone Bone, calcined Winter (1983)... 

For a general discussion on the bone black pigments see carbon-based blacks group cokes sub-group. Where the bone or antler forms a white pigment see Bone, calcined. 

See bone, calcined and carbon-based blacks gronp cokes subgroup. 

Apatite group Calcium phosphates group Carbou-based blacks group Cokes sub-group Bone, calcined Caibonate-hydroxylapatite Ascenzi et al. (1985) Camacho et al. (1999) Cattaneo et al. (1992) Collins et al. (2002) Deer et al. (1992) 669 Kakoulli (2003) Lowenstam Weiner (1989) Mehmel (1930) Person et al. (1996) Price (1983) Reiche etal. (2002) Rutley (1988) 338 Weiner Traub (1992) Weser et al. (1996) Wess et al. (2001)... 

S5Tion5mi, variant or common name See bone, calcined. 

Apatite group Calcium group Bone Bone, calcined Chlorapatite Dahllite Fluorapatite Gallstone Hydroxylapatite Amaudon s chrome green-. Titanium dioxide white... 

When it is desirable to use a weak black, bone black may be substituted for carbon. It is manufactured by calcining animal bones and contains approximately 85% calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Black iron oxide (Fe O is stable up to 150°C. Copper chromite black (Cu(Cr02)2) is iuert to all but mbberlike compositions and has been calcined to 600°C. 

Experiment.—Ordinary lead is calcined in a cupel made of cinders or powdered bones the lead is changed to a cinder which disappears into the cupel, and a button of silver remains. 

William Lewis stated m 1759 that the ash of bones and horn resembles chalk and the earth of the shells of sea-fishes. .. in being easily soluble m nitrous [nitric], marine, and vegetable acids, and not in the vitriolic." The only difference he was able to observe between the calcareous earth from shells and the bone ash was that the latter is not changeable by fire into Lime How strongly soever the earth of Bones and Horns be calcined, it continues insipid and gives no manifest impregnation to water (39). 

Absorption of arsenic by the bones also occurs to a considerable extent,6 and their arsenic content, whether death occurs after a few hours or only after some days, may give valuable information where suspicion of poisoning exists. Thus in the case of a man who died 8 days after ingesting the poison, 110 mg. of arsenic were found in the bones, about half being present in the bones of the arms and legs and about 20 per cent, in the flat bones of the skull but in the case of a woman who died after 12 horns, out of a total of 1907 mg. found in the body only 3-2 mg. occurred in the bones,7 but this amount was more than was found in any other portion of the body (except the skin) not in direct contact with the alimentary canal. In experiments on dogs to which arsenic had been administered, Popp showed 8 that the amount of arsenic in the calcined bones was about one-sixth of the amount found in the bones before cremation, and less than one-thousandth of the total amount in the whole body before cremation. 

Prussian Blue is probably the most famous blue pigment. It was discovered by accident in 1704 and is made from potassium ferro-cyanide and ferric chloride. Heinrich Diesbach, a colour manufacturer of Berlin, had run out of potash (potassium carbonate) with which to make a red lake so he borrowed some from Johann Dippel an alchemist. While this worked fine, something happened to the solution after he had filtered off the red lake it turned a deep blue colour. Dip-pel s potash had been made from calcined bones and these contained cyanide from the decomposition of their protein component and the cyanide had reacted to a deep blue compound which we now know as... 

For artists - and house painters - nothing came dose to matching the brilliance and depth of lead white and while there were alternatives, made from chalk, calcined bones, oyster shells, or even groundup pearls, they did not compare to lead white. Today this pigment is rarely used and that which is available is restricted to conservators and restorers. We are now aware how toxic this metal is - see page 204 -and lead white has been replaced by titanium dioxide, which delivers the same brilliant whiteness with no risk to health. 

However, La Lande has shown that properly calcined bauxite develops color removal, ash removal, and alkaline buffering powers comparable to those of bone char.11 Bauxite and hydroxyapatite therefore appear... 

L. Gorski, J. Heinonen and O. Suschny, Final Report on the Intercomparison of Trace Multielement Analysis in Dried Animal Whole Blood (A-2), Calcinated Animal Bone (A-3/1), Powdered Milk (A-8), Wheat Flour (V-2/1), and Dried Potatoes (V-4), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, No. IAEA/RL/25, 1974. 

Spodion derived from the Calcined Bones of Elephants, Dogs, and other Animals. 

Note Several samples also contained varying amounts of the minerals muscovite, wollastonite, and calcined bone in addition, gold and silver were used in all of the manuscripts. 

For the calcined bone analysis, review of the data for 20 elements for each replicate sample presented patterns of elements which tracked... 

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