Scan Data

Some ways in which data can be utilized are described briefly below. 

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Experimental results on real ultrasonic B-scan data, acquired from samples with coarse material structure, are presented to demonstrate the power of the novel approach. 

A Novel Method for Off-Line Defect Characterization and Sizing from Standard b-Scan Data. 

To evaluate the VIGRAL method, we scanned steel blocks with simulated flaws using a Flexilrak and a upi-50 instrument. This system allows for rapid and accurate acquisition of the desired data, including the A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan data, and serves to evaluate, offline, the V-scan image (Figure 8). 

G.Krug, R.Aharoni, V.Orjelik, A novel method for sizing defects from off- line B-scan data . Proceedings of Ultrasonic World Congress,Yokogama, 1997, 122-124. 

The scan mode display is divided into a number of windows, that display the data recorded from the active inspections. In addition, the A-scan data from the ultrasonic probes can be displayed in probe monitor windows, for monitoring the signal quality. Figure 7 shows the scan mode display for simultaneous recording of two P-scan inspections (displayed in the same presentation window) and a T-scan inspection together with 3 probe monitor windows. 

The analyze mode display is similar to the scan mode display used online. Analyze mode includes functions for evaluation of data, e. g. markers, measure functions, zoom function and selection of cross-section views. In addition, A-scan data can be reconstructed into images and displayed. 

AIR-1 and PS-4 are used on-site for recording of A-scan data during the on-site inspection. UltraSIM is used for initial ultrasonic simulation, scan path generation and robot simulation (together with the ROBCAD robot simulation software), online control and monitoring of the real AIR-1 robot and finally for 3D reconstruction of ultrasonic A-scan data. 

In order to optimise the general on-site system performance, time and resource consuming motion calculations are done immediately after execution of the previous path in the current scaiming program - simultaneously with the storing of digital A-scan data by the PS-4 system. 

The PS-4 ultrasonic examination system provides many new features, which allows the operator to perform several inspections simultaneously. Both pulse-echo and time-of-flight-diffraction technique can be applied together with storage of digital A-scan data at the same time. 

When used in the 3D inspection system PS-4 is configured only for recording of A-scan data with attached unambiguous 3D transducer position and orientation information, since the reeonstruction is done in the attached 3D UltraSIM/UlRecon reconstruction module. 

Edcfy-cufrent NDT inspections using spatial data (sampled scans) ha >e many benefits. They separate the two conflicting aspects of an inspection scanning and signal interpretation. An instrument/display (client/server) based NDT inspection based on sampled scan data aides in the training and certification of inspectors. It can be used over the Internet or in-house Intranet networks to train or examine inspectors at multiple or remote sites. This saves travel time and resources as defects, instrumentation and teaching can all be consolidated Samples can be maintained and distributed from a central certification body providing more control andflexibility. 

Sampled scan data would be a benefit when it comes to certification of new inspectors or re-certification of existing staff. A large database of scans could be compiled and used randomly at test centres, which would help to avoid the samples becoming too familiar. Examinations could also be more easily tailored to the probes, types of materials and types of defects the inspector is likely to see. 

Sample scan data is a good way to archive the results of an inspection. The inspection could be re-visited later to see how the eddy-current response has changed over time. Random audits of the quality of inspection detection could be monitored. The inspection could also be reviewed if new information becomes known, say from inspection conducted using alternate methods. 

Keeping spatial information together with eddy-current signals as sampled scan data has many benefits. 

Sampled scan data can be used to improve certification, re-certification by providing a richer and more tailored environment and provides for inspection and inspector auditing... 

Figure 12.16 Potential dependent SFG spectra (a) and the Stark tuning plot (b) from chemisorbed CO on Pt nanoparticles in a CO-saturated 0.1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Each spectrum was acquired for 10 s (forward scan data only are shown). The potential was scanned from — 0.20 to 0.70 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at 1 mV/s. Pt nanoparticles were of approximately 7 nm size, and were immobilized on an Au disk.

The sample environment was filled with He gas to prevent the argon X-ray emission from air. Beam scanning, data acquisition, evaluation and the generation of elemental maps were controlled by a computer. Micro-PIXE measurements were performed with a scanning 2.5MeVH+ microbeam accelerated by the 3 MV single-end accelerator. The beam diameter was 1-2 pm, so that individual particles could be analysed. The beam current was < 100 pA and the irradiation time was about 3(M0 min. 

Fig. 10 Example of fitting Z-scan data for a squaraine molecule for (a) a 3-level model (singlet states only) with femtosecond excitation and (b) a 5-level model (both singlet and triplet states) with picoseconds excitation. The schematic is shown in Fig. 2a and the propagation and rate (9) are used for modeling...

In a typical protocol, the sequence of experiments would be as follows (1) MRM for the parent compound (2) a search for hits using the MRMs included in the biotransformation table and (3) performance of EPI scans on the two most abundant ions found in the MRM scans from the biotransformation tables. An exclusion list is incorporated for those transitions that one wants to eliminate from enhanced product scan data acquisition. 

TOF analyzers are especially compatible with MALDI ion sources and hence are frequently coupled in aMALDI-TOF configuration. Nevertheless, many commercial mass spectrometers combine ESI with TOF with great success. For proteomics applications, the quadrupole TOF (QqTOF) hybrid instruments with their superior mass accuracy, mass range, and mass resolution are of much greater utility than simple TOF instruments.21,22 Moreover, TOF instruments feature high sensitivity because they can generate full scan data without the necessity for scanning that causes ion loss and decreased sensitivity. Linear mode TOF instruments cannot perform tandem mass spectrometry. This problem is addressed by hybrid instruments that incorporate analyzers with mass selective capability (e.g., QqTOF) in front of a TOF instrument. 

Full (repetitive) scan data collection vs. selected ion recording... 

Figure 6. Selected areas Hke lines (a) or areas around spots(b) defined interactively by the user in the CCD image of the ED pattern before scanning in a Si crystal.(c) example of GUI for scanning step selection. Beam is blanked during scanning data selection.

Like always in NMR 118), when the single-scan signal-to-noise ratio SjN) is insufficient for a precise evaluation of the acquired data, it can be enhanced by averaging or, more frequently, accumulating, of data sets obtained in a number of repeated scans. Multiple-scan data accumulation also opens a number of novel experimental possibilities extending beyond... 

Depending on the manufacturer, it may be possible to process the scan data for viewing and deriving bone metric analysis on the scan unit itself (see Note 11). In the event that a viewing or a bone analysis package is locally unavailable, several commercially available software packages are offered for download (see Note 12). 

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