Experimental process

FIGURE 1.5 Fact interpretation gradient of experimental processes. 

Understanding that a scientific system, itself (e.g., biology, geology), provides a definition of most observed events that transfer interpretation, which is again reinterpreted by researchers. This, in itself, is biasing, particularly in that it provides a preconception of what is. 

Suppose one desires to evaluate a newly developed product at five incremental concentration levels (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25%) 

Results of experiment A Leads to designing experiment B Conduct experiment B 

Results of experiment B Leads to designing experiment C Conduct experiment C 

Developing a new grade of polyethylene or a polyethylene with improved properties can be viewed as a three step process involving  

Once the substrate and the tin are set up, an initial pumping is performed until the pressure reaches about 2 Pa. 

The tin is then melted and heated at a temperature of 800°C for several seconds, in order to allow a possible outgasing. The gas is then introduced for the first time under a pressure of several thousand Pa. A second pumping is then performed until the pressure reaches 2 Pa. This ensures the device is completely rid of the air which was present at first. Once this operation is done, the gas is reintroduced at the desired pressure, which is regulated by the micro leak. After the stabilization of this pressure, the filament is heated at the desired temperature. To do so, we have to fix the electric power using a wattmeter (generally 25 W if T = 1,200°C). 

While the tin is deposited (it generally lasts several minutes), the pressure and the electric power have to be deregulated , imtil the tin varrishes completely between the turns of coil. 

The heating, the gas circulation and lastly the pumping are then stopped. The pressure of the bell jar is decreased imtil it reaches atmospheric pressure. 

Golden electrodes can then be made by evaporation imder vacuum on the samples designed to be electrically tested. 

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In the depolymeri2ed scrap mbber (DSR) experimental process, ground scrap mbber tines produce a carbon black dispersion in ok (35). Initially, aromatic oks are blended with the tine cmmb, and the mixture is heated at 250—275°C in an autoclave for 12—24 h. The ok acts as a heat-transfer medium and swelling agent, and the heat and ok cause the mbber to depolymeri2e. As more DSR is produced and mbber is added, less aromatic ok is needed, and eventually virtually 100% of the ok is replaced by DSR. The DSR reduces thermal oxidation of polymers and increases the tack of uncured mbber (36,37). Depolymeri2ed scrap mbber has a heat value of 40 MJ/kg (17,200 Btu/lb) and is blended with No. 2 fuel ok as fuel extender (38). 

Gene Expression Analysis. Figure 1 Schematic representation of the experimental process of global gene expression analysis using Affymetrix GeneChip arrays. 

Elucidation of electronic and energetic changes taking place during experimental processes. 

The team members must represent the various scientific disciplines that are associated with the experimental processes of Interest. The methodology requires the design team to meet several times over a period of several weeks to carry out a set of formal agendas described below and to conclude Its efforts with a formal document. The document will contain either a detailed experimental design that meets the constraints of the envisioned test program, or the document will show that an acceptable experimental design does not exist and the envisioned experiment should not be Implemented. In either case, the detailed documentation permits subsequent peer review. 

The values of the intermediate variables a, b, c, etc. have no fundamental significance, of course, and are used simply to link experimental process output X to the corresponding input y. 

Density manipulation is a process by which chlorinated solvents such as TCE are functionally converted to an LNAPL by passing a concentrated salt solution such as potassium iodide (KI) through the impacted zone. This experimental process increases the density of the aqueous environment making it easier to recover the NAPL. 

A wide variety of carbon materials has been used in this study, including multi-wall carbon nanotubes (sample MWNT) chemically activated multi-wall carbon nanotubes (sample A-MWNT)16, commercially available vapor grown carbon nanofibers (sample NF) sample NF after chemical activation with K.OH (sample A-NF) commercially pitch-based carbon fiber from Kureha Company (sample CF) commercially available activated carbons AX-21 from Anderson Carbon Co., Maxsorb from Kansai Coke and Chemicals and commercial activated carbon fibers from Osaka Gas Co. (A20) a series of activated carbons prepared from a Spanish anthracite (samples named K.UA) and Subituminous coal (Samples H) by chemical activation with KOH as described by D. Lozano-Castello et al.17 18 activated carbon monoliths (ACM) prepared from different starting powder activated carbons by using a proprietry polymeric binder from Waterlink Sutcliffe Carbons, following the experimental process described in the previous paper13. 

To ensure that all steps in the experimental process are optimized to reduce variation and ensure reproducibility... 

The second module. Method, involves determining the level of verification and validation to which the user s methodology has been subjected. Verification is the general process used to decide whether a method in question is capable of producing accurate and reliable data. Validation is an experimental process involving external corroboration by other laboratories (internal or external) of methods or the use of reference materials to evaluate the suitability of methodology (1). A menu of choices includes (1) the method has only been verified, (2) the method has been both verified and validated, or (3) the method has been neither verified or validated. 

On the contrary, new experimental processes are developping to obtain a deeper understanding of the particular properties exhibited by the actinides. 

The statistical techniques associated with response surface methodology are concerned primarily with two aspects of the experimentation process the construction of experimental designs that yield data to permit the efficient modeling of the response surfaces, and the analysis of the experimental data and derived response surfaces. 

An experimental process has been described for extracting cellulose microfibrils from waste potato pulp and using these to manufacture starch-cellulose composites (Duifesne et al., 2000). 

The uncertainty relations have played a central role since the field of quantum mechanics has been created. Prior to the existence of this theory, experimentalist knew, from their work, that every concrete measurement would necessarily carry an associated error. Yet, it was generally believed that this error was of no fundamental nature, and that one could, in principle, approach the true value by filtering out from a huge amount of measurements. Errors were part of the experimental process. With the advent of quantum physics, the error of measurements assumes a new, ontological status, rooted in the very heart of the theory. The theory itself would be built on this unavoidable error process. 

It was a good idea, but it didn t work. No microbe that Weizmann tried yielded isoprene. But Clostridium aceto-butylium did convert starch into a mixture of ethanol, acetone, and butanol, a blend that did not particularly interest Weizmann. It certainly interested Lloyd George, however he heard the whole account from Weizmann himself. Here, pehaps, was a way to produce the acetone that they sorely needed for the manufacture of cordite. Weizmann was asked to scale up his experimental process, and within a short time he d converted a gin distillery into a factory to make his mixture. He easily separated the acetone through distillation, and soon mass production was under way. There was no need for butanol, and huge stocks built up. But after the war the... 

Through both experimental processes, an important improvement in the catalyst activity has been found. Conversely, both compositional and processing vari-... 

For adiabatic type calorimeters, the initial and the final temperatures are by definition different. To which temperature will a derived A//-value then refer In connection with microcalorimetric measurements, the problem may merely be academic as the temperature change may be very small. However, it is at this point instructive to analyze in some detail what we do when we calibrate an adiabatic calorimeter. Let the initial and the final state of the experimental process be represented by A and B and the corresponding temperatures by TA and TB, respectively. The experimental process is thus ... 

However, statistics users should be attuned to a range of surrounding issues. This book has emphasized five general areas that need attention. Taking these roughly in the order they will be met in the experimental process ... 

In principle this looks a promising approach, especially when combined with the six-flow setup, provided the catalyst does not suffer from too much deactivation during the whole experimental process. 

Experimental process for diamond deposition is shown in Fig. 3.5. Before the CVD process, seeding pretreatment on the substrates, especially nondiamond... 

Compatibility studies are carried out by mixing drug with one or more excipients under some type of stress condition. It has also been suggested that aqueous suspensions of the drug and excipients or drug-excipient complexes provide a better model for tablet formulations. It has been recommended that small-scale formulations using the selected excipients (this may eventually be used for the eventual formulation) be prepared using experimental processes. 

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