Diet studies

If Jenkins is to be remembered for pioneering the work on high fiber diets in diabetes, Anderson stands alone for his contribution towards the concept of high carbohydrate, high fiber diets. The idea was not a new one, but he gave it credence by conducting controlled studies using well docu- 

There have also been longer term mixed diet studies. In one such study (Stone and Connor, 1963), patients were randomized to control or experimental diets, the former containing 40% and the latter 64% of calories as carbohydrate. After over 1 yr of fairly intensive follow-up, no dif- 

Study (Simpson et al., 1979b) with the same experimental design confirmed that almost exactly the same findings are applicable to type one patients. 

Time-averaged mean glucose value for 2 hr after meal. 

There have been no studies of diabetics on diets rich in naturally occurring carbohydrate and fiber which have shown a deterioration of diabetic control. Some have shown no difference compared to low carbohydrate diets (Stone and Connor, 1963 Weinsier et al, 1874 Hockaday et al, 1978), and some of the possible reasons for this have been discussed. Others (Kiehm et al., 1976 Simpson et aL 1979a, 1979b Rivellese et al, 1980) have demonstrated a marked improvement on such diets. Taken with the results of the test meal experiments of Jenkins and of the work of Brunzell, there is overwhelming evidence that a diet rich in both available carbohydrate and fiber has a beneficial effect on glucose control in type one and type two diabetics. 

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Hultman, E. Bergstrom, J. (1967). Muscle glycogen synthesis in relation to diet studied in normal subjects. Acta Med. Scand. 182, 109-117. 

For the diet study, Abonyi obtained organically grown foods (whenever possible) from the Belleville area. Various recipes were prepared following historic cookbooks and newspaper articles. All but one of the recipes was prepared in an iron cooking pot from the 19th century, which was provided by the Bradley House Museum in Clarkson, Ontario. 

Liden, K. 1990 A diet study from the Middle Neolithic site Ire. In Arrhenius, B., ed., Laborativ Arkeologi. Stockholm, Stockholm University 21-28. 

Gunderson EL. 1995a. Dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals FDA total diet study, June 1984-April 1986. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 78 910. 

The FDA pesticide residue monitoring program analyzes selected baby foods for endosulfan under its Total Diet Study. In the period 1991-1995, 29 incidences of detectable amounts of endosulfan were reported from analyses of 276 items purchased in 12 separate collections (FDA 1995). 

Total Diet Study - New York, 1974d Bennett 1979... 

As part of its Radionuclides in Food Program, the FDA determined concentrations of radionuclides in their Total Diet Study, as well as food originating from the vicinity of nuclear reactors including raw vegetables, food crops (primarily fruits), fish, and milk. While not specifically analyzed for 241Am, concentrations of... 

Caper SG, Cunningham WC. 2000. Element and radionuclide concentration in food FDA total diet study 1991-1996. J AOAC Int 83(1) 157-177. 

Sulfur-32 Study of ancient diets Study of ancient diets... 

Adult Females N=114 0.03 Duplicate diet study Ayr, Scotland EPA analysis Sherlock et al. 1982... 

Slope factors for the blood lead contribution from diet in adults can be obtained from an experimental study (Cools et al. 1976) and a duplicate diet study (Sherlock et al. 1982). These slope factors range from 0.027 to 0.034 pg/dL blood per pg lead intake/day (EPA 1986a). The data from the duplicate diet infant study by Ryu et al. (1983) were reanalyzed to derive a slope factor of 0.24 pg/dL blood per pg/day lead intake (EPA 1990e). 

Between 1979 and 1989 there was a virtual elimination of the use of lead-soldered food cans, with a concomitant drop in lead levels in food. Average daily intakes of lead for adults, based on an analysis of 27 market basket samples taken nationwide for a 1980-1982 Total Diet Study, were as follows (Gartrell etal. 1986b) ... 

This value is only slightly higher than the estimated lead intake of 54 pg/day found in a Canadian 24-hour duplicate diet study conducted during 1981. The average lead content of the 10 food groups used in the Canadian study ranged from 0.088 pg/g for drinking water to 0.654 pg/g for cheese (Dabeka et al. 1987). 

Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD, Lacroix GMA. 1987. Dietary intakes of lead, cadmium, arsenic and fluoride by Canadian adults A 24-hour duplicate diet study. Food Addit Contam 4 89-102. 

Sherlock JC, Quinn MJ. 1986. Relationship between blood and lead concentrations and dietary lead intake in infants The Glasgow Duplicate Diet Study 1979-1980. Food Addit Contam 3 167-176. 

A worktable that can be used to calculate a cumulative exposure estimate on a site-specific basis is provided in Table 2. To use the table, environmental levels for outdoor air, indoor air, food, water, soil, and dust are needed. In the absence of such data (as may be encountered during health assessment activities), default values can be used. In most situations, default values will be background levels unless data are available to indicate otherwise. Based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration s (FDA s) Total Diet Study data, lead intake from food for infants and toddlers is about 5 pg/day (Bolger et al. 1991). In some cases, a missing value can be estimated from a known value. For example, EPA (1986) has suggested that indoor air can be considered 0.03 x the level of outdoor air. Suggested default values are listed in Table 3. 

High-fat diet studies with DGATl-/- and DGATl+/- mice demonstrated that the absence of DGAT1 activity may lead to increased insulin sensitivity, leptin sensitivity, protection against diet-induced obesity, and protection against liver steatosis [40-43]. 

The two human diet studies will be designated HS-I and HS-II. The first study (HS-I) was 30 days in duration. Ten adult men in good health ranging in age from 23 to 48 years were subjects. The menus consisted of foods routinely consumed in the United States and repeated in 5-day cycles (3). 

The real-life situation is a bit more complicated, since animal weights change over time, diet studies have doses dependent on daily diet consumption, the material may be a salt but dosage should be calculated on the basis of the parent compound, and not all animals may be carried through the entire study. 

For rats and mice (where weight change is most dramatic and diet studies most common), Table 13.7 presents some reliable planning values for compound requirements during diet studies. 

Overall, in 234 ready-to-eat foods tested 37 times each as part of the FDA Total Diet Studies from 1982 to 1991, endrin was found only 26 times at an average concentration of 0.0027 pg/g (2.7 ppb) in 9 different foods broccoli, cantaloupe, collards, cucumbers, onion rings, dill pickles, pumpkin pie, summer squash, and winter squash (KAN-DO Office and Pesticides Team 1995). Concentrations ranged from 0.0011 pg/g (1.1 ppb) (broccoli) to 0.0041 pg/g (4.1 ppb) (summer squash). In a summary of 1985-91 FDA pesticide residue findings, endrin was not reported in more than 10,000 surveillance samples of domestic and imported foods that may be eaten by infants or children, or in more than 4,000 analyses of Total Diet Study foods eaten by infants and children (Yess et al. 1993). 

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