Blood digestion

Blood Digested with H2SO4 dimethylsulfate at 60°C for 4 hours headspace gas injected into GC GC/ECD (trichloroethylene, trichloro-ethanol, and trichloroacetic acid) 3 ppb (trichloroethylene) 60 ppb (trichloro-ethanol) 30 ppb trichloroacetic acid) NR Monster and Boersma 1975... 

Model. Blood digestion plays a key role in the survival of vector arthropods and in the transmission of many important diseases such as malaria, dengue and Lyme disease (21.22). Collating these observations, a model for the control of trypsin biosynthesis in the mosquito is proposed. After the blood meal the midgut epithelial cells start to S3mthesize trypsin in concert with the neuroendocrine system that synthesizes oostatic hormone, as was proposed for Rhodnius by Davey and Kunster (11), which accumulates in the developing ovary as a prohormone. The... 

Q. punctata, mosquito GH appears to affect ovarian development by Inhibiting proteolytic enzyme synthesis and blood digestion In the midgut (6). 

Holds up to 3 ml hyamine (wet tissue digest), may be blended into 10 ml solvent with 2-5 ml absolute ethanol. Counting efficiency less than 5% Holds up to 5 ml hyamine (wet tissue digest) may be blended into 10 ml solvent with 1 ml dioxane. Counting efficiency about 5% with tissue digest, 2.5% with blood digest... 

Blood Digestion in oxidizing acid ICP/AES 1 pg/lOOg 98+2.1% NIOSH 1984c <3) > z... 

Welz et al.[l] determined cadmium in whole blood digests by flame AAS following on-line coprecipitation using a modified procedure of that used for the determination of lead. Cadmium is coprecipitated with the carrier Fe(II)-HMDTC which is collected in a knotted reactor and dissolved by IBMK. A 52-fold signal enhancement was obtained with a sampling frequency of 72 h (for details cf. Sec. 9.5.3). 

Fang and Dong [3] determined cadmium in whole blood digests by ETAAS with on-line coprecipitation-dissolution also using the Fe(II)-HMDTC system, achieving a detection limit of 0.003 /ig 1 ... 

Fang et al.[2] determined lead in whole blood digests by flame AAS using an on-line coprecipitation system based on coprecipitation with Fe(Il)-HMDTC The precipitate is collected with a knoned reactor in a fllterless FI system (for details cf. Sec 9. 3). A 44-fold signal enhancement was achieved with a sampling frequency of 90 h. ... 

Fang and Dong [3] determined nickel in whole blood digest by ETAAS following on-line coprecipitation-dissolution using the same filterless system as for cadmium. A detection limit of 0.02 pg 1 was reached, making it possible to determine nickel in the blood of unexposed persons. 

Duic, Szechter, and Srinivasan (D9) used derivative pulse stripping voltammetry to determine lead in 0.2 ml of blood digested wiA 0.4 ml of HCIO4 and 0.1 ml of H2SO4 and diluted to 7 ml. The method can be applied to samples as small as 50 /J. 

Various body fluids, such as blood, digestive juices, lachrymal fluid fruit juices wastewater Gelatin gel Sephadex and other matrices, for example, for gel permeation chromatography Detergents, microemulsions, vesicles and liposomes, and biological membranes... 

DPASV blood digestion with HNO3/HCIO4, concentration step 0.1 pg/L [29]... 

Exposure to excessive amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure) increases the risk of developing certain diseases. The parts of the body which may be affected include the blood, nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, and kidneys. These effects include anemia, muscular weakness, kidney damage, and reproductive effects, such as reduced fertiHty in both men and women, and damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women. 

The filariform larva found in moist soils may be either ingested or penetrate the skin of its host. It is then carried through the circulatory system to the lungs and migrates up the respiratory tree into the digestive tract. The worms feed on intestinal tissue and blood. Some worms may persist in humans as long as nine years. Infestations cause cutaneous reactions, pulmonary lesions, intestinal ulcerations, and anemia. 

Fiber components are the principal energy source for colonic bacteria with a further contribution from digestive tract mucosal polysaccharides. Rate of fermentation varies with the chemical nature of the fiber components. Short-chain fatty acids generated by bacterial action are partiaUy absorbed through the colon waU and provide a supplementary energy source to the host. Therefore, dietary fiber is partiaUy caloric. The short-chain fatty acids also promote reabsorption of sodium and water from the colon and stimulate colonic blood flow and pancreatic secretions. Butyrate has added health benefits. Butyric acid is the preferred energy source for the colonocytes and has been shown to promote normal colonic epitheUal ceU differentiation. Butyric acid may inhibit colonic polyps and tumors. The relationships of intestinal microflora to health and disease have been reviewed (10). 

In frames of the present work the problems of elemental analysis of human bio-substrates (blood semm, hair and bones) are diseussed. Sample pretreatment proeedures using ash and mineral aeids digestion were developed. The main sourees of systematie errors were studied and their elimination ways were suggested. 

Two methods of sample preparation were investigated. The former is dilution of blood semm with 0.1% Triton X-100, the latter is aeid mierowave digestion. As evaluated, the most adequate mineralization proeedure for determining the majority of elements in blood semm by ICP AES is aeid mierowave digestion. However, the ICP AES determination of abundant elements (B, Si, Mn), whieh present in semm at 0.001-0.01 ppm levels should be follow sample dilution with Triton X-100. 

Mammals, fungi, and higher plants produce a family of proteolytic enzymes known as aspartic proteases. These enzymes are active at acidic (or sometimes neutral) pH, and each possesses two aspartic acid residues at the active site. Aspartic proteases carry out a variety of functions (Table 16.3), including digestion pepsin and ehymosin), lysosomal protein degradation eathepsin D and E), and regulation of blood pressure renin is an aspartic protease involved in the production of an otensin, a hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contraction and reduces excretion of salts and fluid). The aspartic proteases display a variety of substrate specificities, but normally they are most active in the cleavage of peptide bonds between two hydrophobic amino acid residues. The preferred substrates of pepsin, for example, contain aromatic residues on both sides of the peptide bond to be cleaved. 

In the body, this reaction is reversed by the enzyme sucrase. This occurs in digestion, which makes glucose and fructose available for absorption into the blood. Honey bees also carry an enzyme that can hydrolyze sucrose. Honey consists mostly of a 1 1 mol mixture of glucose and fructose with a small amount of unreacted sucrose. 

When a-glucosidase activity is inhibited, carbohydrate digestion is prolonged and takes place further along the intestinal tract. This in turn delays and spreads the period of glucose absorption, which reduces the extent of the postprandial rise in blood glucose concentrations. The effectiveness of a-glucosidase inhibitors is dq en-dent on the consumption of a meal rich in complex carbohydrate. 

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