Blood glucose concentrations

Storage and utilization of tissue glycogen, maintenance of blood glucose concentration, and other aspects of carbohydrate metabolism are meticulously regulated by hormones, including insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and the glucocorticoids. 

Antidiabetic drugs is the general term for drugs that lower blood glucose concentrations and are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Antidiabetic drugs are... 

The increase in insulin concentrations produced by sulphonylureas lowers blood glucose concentrations through decreased hepatic glucose output and increased glucose utilisation, mostly by muscle ( insulin, insulin receptor). 

When a-glucosidase activity is inhibited, carbohydrate digestion is prolonged and takes place further along the intestinal tract. This in turn delays and spreads the period of glucose absorption, which reduces the extent of the postprandial rise in blood glucose concentrations. The effectiveness of a-glucosidase inhibitors is dq en-dent on the consumption of a meal rich in complex carbohydrate. 

Euglycaemia, blood glucose concentration within the normal range e.g. fasting blood glucose 3.5 - 6.5 mmol/1 postprandial blood glucose 5-11 mmol/1. 

It may be identified as a nonequilibrium reaction in which the of the enzyme is considerably lower than the normal substrate concentration. The first reaction in glycolysis, catalyzed by hexokinase (Figure 17-2), is such a flux-generating step because its for glucose of 0.05 mmol/L is well below the normal blood glucose concentration of 5 mmol/L. 

At normal systemic-blood glucose concentrations (4.5-5.5 mmol/L), the liver is a net producer of glucose. However, as the glucose level rises, the output of glucose ceases, and there is a net uptake. 

Figure 19-5. Variation in glucose phosphorylating activity of hexokinase and glucokinase with increase of blood glucose concentration. The for glucose of hexokinase is 0.05 mmol/L and of glucokinase is 10 mmol/L.

Angiopathy of large (macroangiopathy) and small (microangiopathy) vessels is also the result of high blood glucose concentrations. Angiopathy results in ischemia and skin breakdown. 

Thereafter, the preceding parameters and other nutritional parameters should be monitored routinely or as indicated (Table 97-8). Random capillary blood glucose concentrations also should be monitored every 6 to 8 hours when initiating PN, and regular insulin should be administered to control glucose as needed (either by intermittent administration per sliding scale or as a continuous infusion). 

Hyperglycemia Abnormally high blood glucose concentration. 

Fig. 6.13. Profile of blood glucose concentration for a single test person ...

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