Blood differences

See also individuality, biochemical as an enemy, 204-206 blood differences, 3-4 deviates, 6-7 normal ranges and, 2-4 quantitative research and, 204, 205 research into, 7 vertebral anatomy, 45 vision, 202-203 vitamin A, 162-166, 169, 199 animal studies, 163-164 growth rate relationship to intake of, 166f human needs award contest, 162-163... 

Ortiz J, Artigas F. Effects of monoamine uptake inhibitors on extracellular and platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat blood different effects of clomipramine and fluoxetine. Br J Pharmacol 1992 105 941-6. 

The role of the placenta is of critical importance in the development of twins. With identical (monozygotic) twins, even a shared placenta does not guarantee uniformity and equality of the fetal environment.11 Each twin sharing a placenta is supplied by a different portion of the placenta. The sharing is almost always unequal. Delivery of maternal blood differs. The amount of space and the location of each fetus differ. Each twin has a local environment in addition to a general uterine environment. 

Bicarbonate and carbonic acid, which diffuse through the capillary wall from the blood into interstitial fluid, provide a major buffer for both plasma and interstitial fluid. However, blood differs from interstitial fluid in that the blood contains a high content of extracellular proteins, such as albumin, which contribute to its buffering capacity through amino acid side chains that are able to accept and release protons. The protein content of interstitial fluid is too low to serve as an effective buffer. 

Verfaillie C M, Almeida-Porada G, Wissink S, et al. (2000). Kinetics of engraftment of CD34(-) and CD34(-i-) cells from mobilized blood differs from that of CD34(-) and CD34(-t) cells from bone marrow. Exp. Hematol. 28 1071-1079. 

Blood, different body fluids, fresh and fixed tissue are the most common DNA sources in molecular pathology and special precautions must be taken to handle these... 

Method The method used is DNA extraction from blood, different tissue types, bone marrow or FNA (lymph node aspiration), followed by PCR. Best results are... 

The control sample of horse cells in isoton showed somewhat weaker adhesion than the sample shown in Table 12.2. Such variation was found to be common in different samples of horse blood. Differences between animals in type, age, etc., and also in blood cell conditioning had a distinct influence which will be described in separate papers. It is evident from the results that glutaraldehyde reduced the adhesion by about 25% whereas fibronectin increased the adhesion by 10% and papain by 20%, changes which were comparable with the effects seen on human red cells but disappointingly small compared with the effects anticipated. 

All hemolysis results that are reported in this work were obtained using freshly drawn blood from one individual. During the course of this study, the hemolytic activities of polymers were observed to be dependent on the freshness of the blood. Differences were also noted for blood obtained from different individuals. It was determined that blood stored for more than 7 d was more susceptible to hemolysis than freshly drawn blood. These observations were in accordance with previous literature that reported higher susceptibility to hemolysis, caused by a series of cationic antimicrobial peptides, in the case of blood stored for 21 d in 4 C, as opposed to fresh blood (72). Non-hemolytic polymers, dep-poly6, and dep-polylO remained non-hemolytic against old blood that was stored for 3 weeks at 4 °C, and blood from different individuals, with HC50 values above 4000 pg/mL. 

PFC half-life of elimination from blood differs between species (much shorter in animals compared to humans) and between PFC (the longer the chain length, the longer the half-life) (overview in [25]). Half-lives in cynomolgus monkeys for PFBS (3.5 days) and PFBA (1.7 days) are much shorter than those for PFOS (150 days) and PFOA (30 days females, 21 days males) [26]. Elimination half-lives of a series of PFC were studied in male and female cynomolgus monkeys following intravenous injections [27]. Half-lives were as follows ... 

The body fluids do not constitute a homogeneous solution of electrolytes. Body fluids are classically categorized as intracellular and extracellular. The extracellular compartment is further divided into an intra- and extravascular compartment. The intravascular fluid constitutes the blood plasma, but even blood plasma does not form a homogeneous compartment. The composition of plasma varies with anatomical location and physiological conditions. The electrolyte compositions of plasma obtained from venous and arterial blood differ, and there are diurnal variations in the electrolyte concentrations of the plasma. 

Levels of acids in whole blood differ from those in plasma or serum and for most work, blood plasma is the most convenient for use, although whole blood has also been employed (Hagenfeldt, 1968). Serum obtained from clotted blood may give erroneous results since during the time required for the blood to clot, changes in the levels and composition of the organic acids can occur. Heparin is the most useful anticoagulant and sodium heparin tubes rather than heparin solutions are recommended (Perry and Jellum, 1974). The plasma... 

This difference in behavior for acetic acid in pure water versus water buffered at pH = 7 0 has some important practical consequences Biochemists usually do not talk about acetic acid (or lactic acid or salicylic acid etc) They talk about acetate (and lac tate and salicylate) Why Its because biochemists are concerned with carboxylic acids as they exist in di lute aqueous solution at what is called biological pH Biological fluids are naturally buffered The pH of blood for example is maintained at 7 2 and at this pH carboxylic acids are almost entirely converted to their carboxylate anions... 

Perhaps the most common type of problem encountered in the analytical lab is a quantitative analysis. Examples of typical quantitative analyses include the elemental analysis of a newly synthesized compound, measuring the concentration of glucose in blood, or determining the difference between the bulk and surface concentrations of Cr in steel. Much of the analytical work in clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and industrial labs involves developing new methods for determining the concentration of targeted species in complex samples. Most of the examples in this text come from the area of quantitative analysis. 

The probabilistic nature of a confidence interval provides an opportunity to ask and answer questions comparing a sample s mean or variance to either the accepted values for its population or similar values obtained for other samples. For example, confidence intervals can be used to answer questions such as Does a newly developed method for the analysis of cholesterol in blood give results that are significantly different from those obtained when using a standard method or Is there a significant variation in the chemical composition of rainwater collected at different sites downwind from a coalburning utility plant In this section we introduce a general approach to the statistical analysis of data. Specific statistical methods of analysis are covered in Section 4F. 

At 37°C the viscosity of water is about 0.69 X 10"3 kg m" sec" the difference between this figure and the viscosity of blood is due to the dissolved solutes in the serum and the suspended cells in the blood. The latter are roughly oblate ellipsoids of revolution in shape. 

A new field of transfusion medicine, cell therapy, has developed with the better understanding of the function of different cell types ia the body. In cell therapy, various malignancies are treated by transfusion of specific cell types from blood. Therefore, more and more specialized methods for separating blood iato the various components are required. 

Transfusion-induced autoimmune disease has been a significant complication in the treatment of patients who require multiple platelet transfusions. Platelets and lymphocytes carry their own blood group system, ie, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, and it can be difficult to find an HLA matched donor. A mismatched platelet transfusion does not induce immediate adverse reactions, but may cause the patient to become refractory to the HLA type of the transfused platelets. The next time platelets with an HLA type similar to that of the transfused platelets are transfused, they are rejected by the patient and thus have no clinical efficacy. Exposure to platelets originating from different donors is minimized by the use of apheresis platelets. One transfusable dose (unit) of apheresis platelets contains 3-5 x 10 platelets. An equal dose of platelets from whole blood donation requires platelets from six to eight units of whole blood. Furthermore, platelets can be donated every 10 days, versus 10 weeks for whole blood donations. 

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