Birch, Betula

Silver birch Betula pendula, B. pubescens, B. nana, B. alleghaniensis, B. populifolia, B. papyriferia, B. lenta Tannins... 

Paper birch, Betula papyrifera leaf various distances from nickel smelter June vs. August... 

Dwarf birch, Betula nana leaves August 1986 4000 FW 25... 

Fig. 1. Distribution of iron in trees trunk on the background and the haloes of iron ore bodies (deposit Oktyabr skoe, Tat yaninskoe, and Zmeinaya gorka). A - larch (Larix dahurica Turcz.) B - pine (Pinus silvestris L.) C - birch (Betula platyphylla Sukacz.) D - cedar (Cedrus sibirica (Rupr.) E - fir-tree (Picea obovata Ledeb) F - rowan-tree (Sorbus sibirica Hedl.). 1 - on the haloes (a - the most intensive, b - of middle intensive, c - the less intensive) 2 - on the background.

The dominant species are the spruce (Picea excelsa), the birch (Betula verrucosa, B. pubescens), the aspen (Populus tremula), and the alder (Aims incana). The moss and low bush layer is represented by the blueberry-bush (Vaccinium myrtiilus), hypnic mosses, separate species of cowberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and flowering plants. The biomass of these Spruce Forest ecosystems reaches 10 ton/ha at the age of 100-150 years (Table 4). 

Zaman, A., Alen, R. and Kotilainen, R. (2000) Thermal behaviour of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris) and silver birch (Betula pubescens) at 200-230 deg C. Wood and Fiber Science, 32(2), 138-143. 

Chemical component Pine (Finns silvestris) Spruce (Picea abies) Birch (Betula verrucosa)... 

Triterpenes (C30) are common in birches, especially in bark. Papyriferic acid from paper birch, Betula resinifera, is a feeding deferent for snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus Big. 11.5) (Reichardt etal, 1985). 

The nutritional value of the diet influences the ability of herbivores to detoxify plant secondary metabolites (Schwass and Finley, 1985). For instance, voles in winter have to consume the bark of birch Betula sp.). This causes stress and leads to poor growth and high mortality among young animals. Birch bark contains phenolics and terpenoids. Both are metabolized by cytochrome P450 monooxidases in phase I and conjugated with glucuronic acid in phase II. 

Harju, A. (1996). Effect of birch (Betula pendula) bark and food protein level on root voles (Microtus oeconomus) II. Detoxification capacity. Journal of Chemical Ecology 22, 719-728. 

Palo, R. T. (1984). Distribution of birch Betula spp.), willow [Salix spp.) and poplar Popu-lus spp.) secondaiy metabolites and their potential role as chemical defense against herbivores. Journal of ChemicalEcobgy 10,499-520. 

Finnish Lapland Cs 1979-84 vs. 1986 (post-Chemobyl) Arboreal lichens Ground lichens Birch, Betula sp. 

Patterns of polyphenol accumulation In leaves vary among the few temperate forest species which have been studied. Feeny s (42) classic study on oak leaves (Quercus robur) shows leaf tannin levels rising slowly until August, and then Increasing sharply. In the cases of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula lutea) (44), respectively. 

Johnson, D., and Hale, B. (2004). White birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) foliar litter decomposition in relation to trace metal atmospheric inputs at metal-contaminated and uncontaminated sites near Sudbury, Ontario and Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada. Environ. Poll. 127, 65-72. 

Kitao M. Lei T.T. Koike T. Kayama M. Tobita H. and Maruyama Y. (2007). Interaction of drought and elevated C02 on photosynthetic down-regulation and susceptibility to photoinhibition in Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) seedlings grown under limited N availability. Tree Physiology, 27, 727-735. 

Figure 2. Control and treated seedlings of paper birch (Betula alleghaniensis Marsh.) dwarfed following exposure to 5 yg/ml nonylphenol or 20 yg/ml Cyclosol.

Birch Betula Wood Lumber, sports equipment, tool handles... 

TABLE 4-2. Percentages of Different Types of Bonds in Birch (Betula verrucosa) Lignin (MWL) ... 

TABLE 4-5. Distribution of Lignin in Birch (White Birch, Betula papyrifera) Xylem ... 

P/cea abies), Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), and Birch (Betula verrucosa)°... 

Fig. 4.1.7. Baseline-corrected and normalized FTIR spectra illustrating spectral types G, GS 1-GS 4, and HGS. G Norway spruce (Picea abies)-, GS I (Gnetum venosum) GS 2 lauan (Shorea polysperma), GS 3 dabema (Piptadeniastrum africanum) GS 4 birch (Betula sp.) HGS a bamboo (Bambusa sp.) b barley (Hordeum vulgare). (Instrument FTS 40 Bio-Rad, Digilab, 4cm 1 resolution, 32 scans, KBr pellet technique). According to Faix 1991...

Table 4 4 2 shows the experimental data for Br-Ka X-ray counts (I), UV absorbance (A) and the distribution of lignin for different morphological regions of white birch (Betula papyrifera) wood Because of the limited resolution of UV microscopy, the UV absorbance of the S, S3 layers and the middle lamella between cell corners (ML) cannot be measured Instead, the guaiacyl/syringyl ratios are assumed to be the same as in the S2 layer and the cell corner middle lamella (CC), respectively... 

Enkkson I, Lidbrandt O, Westermark U (1988) Lignin distribution in birch (Betula verrucosa) as determined by mercurization with SEM- and TEM-EDXA Wood Sci Technol 22 251-257... 

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