Hares, snowshoe

Snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus-, whole Wisconsin 0.2 FW 57... 

Mink (Mustela vison) collected from the Northwest Territories of Canada between 1991 and 1995 had liver mirex concentrations between 0.08 and 0.39 pg/kg FW. These extremely low mirex concentrations were, nevertheless, higher than liver mirex concentrations in prey species (snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus, 0.08 to 0.13 pg/kg FW northern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus, 0.32 pg/kg FW), suggesting that mirex biomagnification in mammalian wildlife food chains is possible (Poole et al. 1998). 

Porter 1989). It is speculated that these deer licked trees injected with Silvisar 550, which contains monosodium methanearsonate, probably because of its salty taste (Mathews and Porter 1989). Snowshoe hares (Lepus sp.) appear to be especially sensitive to methylated arsenicals hares died after consuming plants heavily contaminated with monosodium methanearsonate as a result of careless silviculture practices (Hood 1985). 

Sullivan, T. P., Nordstrom, L. O. and Sullivan, D. S. (1985) Use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores. I. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). J. Chem. Ecol. 11,903-919. 

Triterpenes (C30) are common in birches, especially in bark. Papyriferic acid from paper birch, Betula resinifera, is a feeding deferent for snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus Big. 11.5) (Reichardt etal, 1985). 

Green alder A/nas Buds, catkins Snowshoe hare Pinosylvin, pinosylvin Bryant etfl/., 1983 ... 

Green alder J versus M internodes Snowshoe hare J has more pinosylvin and pinosylvin methyl ether Clausen etfl/., 1986... 

Paper birch resinifera J growth versus winter-dormant internodes Snowshoe hare J has 25 X concentration of papyriferic acid Reichardtetfll., 1985... 

Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera Buds Snowshoe hare Mono- and sesquiterpenes Reichardtetfll., 1990b... 

White spruce Picea glauca J stages Snowshoe hare Camphor Sinclair etfll., 1988... 

Balsam poplar J twigs Snowshoe hare 2,4,6-Trihydroxy- dihydrochalcone Jogia etal., 1989... 

Particularly valuable and/or vulnerable parts are protected best. Because of their size and seasonal changes, trees provide instructive examples. In green alder, Alnus crispa, defense compounds, such as pinosylvin, pinosylvin methyl ether and papyriferic acid, are concentrated in buds (2.6% of dry weight) and catkins (1.7%), and least abundant in the internodes (0.05%). Snowshoe hares, L. americanus, reject buds and catkins, while they eat second-year internodes (Bryant etu/., 1983 Clausen eta/., 1986). 

Snowshoe hare Lepus Green alder Afews orispa Pinosylvin, pinosylvin ether... 

Snowshoe hare Labrador ten Ledum Germacrone (sesquiterpene)... 

Some defenses are so effective that herbivores do not consume any amount of a plant. Snowshoe hares are deterred from feeding on Labrador tea. Ledum groenlandicum, by germacrone, a sesquiterpene, the major compound of its essential oil. Leaves and fresh growth internodes contain large amounts of germacrone (Reichardt etal, 1990a). Yet beaver, C. canadensis, in Saskatchewan,... 

Three systems possibly result from at least diffuse coevolution rat kangaroos and legumes in Australia, snowshoe hares and Alaska paper birch in Alaska, and brown and collared lemmings in Arctic North America. 

Methyl-3-butenyl-methyl sulfide Red fox urine Snowshoe hare Sullivan and Crump, 1986a... 

Pine oil is a by-product of the pulp industry. This oily liquid contains a mixture of terpene alcohols and monoterpenes and is available under the trade name Norpine-65. Snowshoe hare, L. americanus, and voles,M. townsendii, consume less laboratory chow, apples, or carrots if they are treated with pine oil. This response did not habituate within the time of the experiment. When considering the use of pine oil as a herbivore repellent, we have to keep in mind that it is phytotoxic to seedlings if applied topically (Bell and Harestad, 1987). Red deer, C. 

In the first practical application of plant antifeedants for forest crop protection and wildlife management, snowshoe hare, L. americanus, fed less on coniferous tree seedlings after they had been sprayed with pinosylvin or pinosylvin methyl ether (Sullivan eta/., 1992). 

Bryant, J. P. (1981). Phytochemical deterrence of snowshoe hare browsing by adventitious shoots of four Alaskan trees. Science 113,889-890. 

Bryant, J. P., Wieland, G. D., Reichardt, P. B., Lewis, V. E., and McCarthy, M. C. (1983). Pinosylvin methyl ether deters snowshoe hare feeding on green alder. Science 222, 1023-1025. 

Dimock, E. J., Silen, R. E., and Allen, V. E. (1976). Genetic resistance on Douglas-fir to damage by snowshoe hare and black-tailed deer. Forest Science 22,106-121. 

Reichardt, P. B., Bryant, J. P., Anderson, B. J., etal. (1990a). Germacrone defends Labrador tea from browsing by snowshoe hares. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16,1961-1970. 

Sinclair, A. R. E., Jogia, M. K., and Andersen, R. J. (1988). Camphor from juvenile white spruce as an antifeedant for snowshoe hares. Journal of Chemical Ecology 14, 1505. 

Sullivan, T. P. and Crump, D. R. (1984). Influence of mustelid scent gland compounds on suppression offeeding by snowshoe hares (Lep (i nenc(in ).JOMrna/( C/je/n/c(iZEcoZcg7 10,1809-1821. 

Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus Lagctnorpha) / Subarctic browse [P]. (18)... 

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