Maple sugar

Maple butter Maple cream Maple sugar Maple syrup... 

Maple symp is prepared by concentrating (evaporation or reverse osmosis) sap from the maple tree to a concentrated solution containing predominantly sucrose. Its characteristic flavor and color are formed during evaporation. Maple symp is produced from the sap of several varieties of mature maple trees, eg, the sugar maple (/icer saccharum) and black maple A.cernigrunj). 

Make sure the trees you tap are maples hemlocks would be a particularly poor choice. Identify the trees to be tapped in the fall, before the leaves fall. If possible, select sugar maples, which produce about one liter of maple syrup per tree per season. Other types of maples are less productive. 

Surveys of Sugar Maple decline have been conducted in both Quebec and in Ontario. If these declines continue over the long term, the damages will undoubtedly become dramatic and serious. In a survey in Quebec between 1985 and 1987, of over 2 million hectares of stands, 47% exhibited light decline symptoms (11 to 25% defoliation), 3% showed severe decline (25% defoliation), while the remaining 50% revealed only marginal symptoms (10% defoliation). In Ontario, surveys have found that the highest decline occurs across the... 

Sugar maple was reacted with propylene and butylene oxide (Rowell etal., 1982). The modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), fibre stress at proportional limit, and maximum crushing strength all exhibited a reduction, compared to unmodified samples. Nilsson and Rowell (1983) reacted ponderosa pine with butylene oxide and exposed the wood in an unsterile soil decay test. At low WPGs, severe surface decay due to soft rot and tunnelling bacteria was observed. Such attack was reduced at 15 % WPG,... 

Hibben, C. R. Ozone toxicity to sugar maple. Phytopathology 59 1423-1428, 1%9. 

Schaberg, P.G. et al.. Factors influencing red expression in autumn foliage of sugar maple trees. Tree Physiol, 23, 325, 2003. 

Figure 4. Seasonal changes in available carbohydrates in a Californian evergreen oak (A), a Vermont sugar maple (B), arul a Californian buckeye (C). Maple data for sapwood are from Ref. 15, Oak and buckeye data are from Ref. 49, for total branch minus fruits. The evergreen oak has a stable supply of carbon through continuous photosynthesis. The maple draws upon reserves in the spring to build a new canopy. The buckeye draws upon reserves to build fruits in the fall as well as new canopy in...

Patterns of polyphenol accumulation In leaves vary among the few temperate forest species which have been studied. Feeny s (42) classic study on oak leaves (Quercus robur) shows leaf tannin levels rising slowly until August, and then Increasing sharply. In the cases of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula lutea) (44), respectively. 

Figure 1. Leaf-to-leaf variation in four traits along a single branch of sugar maple (left) and yellow birch (right) on 6/23/81. Horizontal axis is mean of each measure for that branch hatched area is one standard deviation. Each black bar represents the actual value for one leaf, plotted as deviation from the mean. Branch terminus is to right yellow birch leaves D and E are at least 10 days younger than the others.

Over a period of a month, tanning coefficients increased dramatically, and seasonal (2 month) increases in hydrolyzable tannins were observed in trees undergoing defoliation. Preliminary studies of yellow birch and sugar maple suggest that day-to-day responses in phenolic production may be generated by damage to leaves (39). 

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