Betula pendula

Jones, M. Harper, J.L. (1987). The influence of neighbours on late growth of trees. II. The fate of buds on long and short shoots in Betula pendula. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 232, 19-33. 

Silver birch Betula pendula, B. pubescens, B. nana, B. alleghaniensis, B. populifolia, B. papyriferia, B. lenta Tannins... 

P.J. Holloway, Composition of suberin from the corks of Quercus suber and Betula pendula, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 9, 158 170 (1972). 

Pokhilo, N.D., Makhenev, A.K., Demenkova, L.I. and Uvarova, N.I. (1990). Composition of the triterpene fraction of outer bark extracts of Betula pendula and Betula pubescens (in Russian). Khimiya Drevesiny 6 74-77. 

Harju, A. (1996). Effect of birch (Betula pendula) bark and food protein level on root voles (Microtus oeconomus) II. Detoxification capacity. Journal of Chemical Ecology 22, 719-728. 

Sunnerheim, K., Palo, R. T., Theander, 0., and Knutsson, P. G. (1988). Chemical defense in birch. Platyphylloside a phenol from Betula pendula inhibiting digestibility. Joamfll of ChemicalEcobgy 14,549. 

Johansson T et al, Transcriptional responses of Paxillus involutus and Betula pendula during formation of ectomycorrhizal root tissue, Molec Plant Microbe Interact 17 202-215, 2004. 

Certain tree species such as Betula pendula and Picea abies fail to develop in association with heather, Calluna vulgaris (40. 1). This apparently results from the production by heather of an allelochemical toxic to growth of mycorrhizae of Betula and Picea. Fruticose soil lichens are often allelopathic to the growth of mycorrhizae and forest tree seedlings also (42). Removal of reindeer moss (a lichen) in field tests resulted in accelerated growth of pine and spruce. 

Despite aU of betulinic add pharmacological potential, it is obtained by extrachon of barks or core of some plant species or by synthetic processes, e.g. using the betulin (alcohol triterpene) as a S)Tithetic intermediate isolated from the bark of Betula alba and Betula pendula [Galgon., et al. 1999]. Therefore, research is necessary to identify new natural sources, which produce large... 

Mutikainen P, Walls M, Ovaska J, Keinanen M, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Vapaavuori E. 2000. Herbivore resistance in Betula pendula Effects of fertilization, defoliation, and genotype. Ecology 81 49-65. 

Friemann, A., Brinkmann, K. Hachtel, W. (1991). Sequence of a cDNA encoding bi-specific NAD(P)H-nitrate reductase from the tree Betula pendula and identification of conserved protein regions. Molecular and General Genetics 227, 97-105. 

Birch Tar Oil, Rectified, occurs as a clear, dark brown liquid with a strong leather odor. It is the pyroligneous oil obtained by dry distillation of the bark and the wood of Betula pendula Roth and related species of Betula (Fam. Betulaceae) and rectified by steam distillation. It is soluble in most fixed oils, but it is insoluble in glycerin, in mineral oil, and in propylene glycol. 

Ek, H. (1997). The influence of nitrogen fertilization on the carbon economy of Paxillus involutus in ectomycorrhizal association with Betula pendula. New Phytologist, 135, 133 2. 

Betula pendula Leaves (a) [Grasmoor] (a) -0.17 V Data from several, also... 

Goransson A. (1993) Growth and nutrition of small Betula-pendula plants at different relative addition rates of iron. Trees-Struct. Funct. 8, 31—38. 

However, not all related species or conspecific populations respond similarly under the same UV influence. For example, Betula pendula and B. resinifera, two closely related birch species collected from populations in Europe and Alaska, generally produce a number of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and condensed tannins in larger quantity in exposed leaves to artificial UV-B photon fluxes (4.9 kJ m d for 3 hr/day of biologically active radiation) than in non radiated plants (Lavola, 1997). In B. pendula populations the major increase was in flavonoid synthesis but in B. resinifera the bias was towards the hydroxycinnamic acids and condensed tannins. Besides, allopatric (geographically distant) populations of birch reacted differently in the synthesis of specific compounds. For example, chlorogenic acid increased by 22 and 92% in plants from Germany and Alaska, respectively, but in Finnish plants there was no increment at all. 

BIRCH LEAF, Betulae folium The drug consists of the dried leaves of Betula, pendula, Roth, and Betula, pubescens, Ehrh., family Betulaceae. The leaves have a weak aromatic smell and light bitter taste. They contain about 2% flavone-glycosides as hyperoside and quercitrin and also about 0.5% ascorbic acid. The diuretic and saluretic effect has been verified in animal experiments and may be due to potassium in the leaves. 

Birch leaves Betula pendula ROTH B. pubescen.s EHRHART Betulaceae... 

Betula pendula R., birch bark (7) 1.1 Sorbus aucuparia L., rowan tree bark (7) 3.4... 

Figure 16. (A) Case study 1, contaminated situations soil, plant (Betula pendula) and water...

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