Betula verrucosa

R. Ekman, The suberin monomers and triterpenoids from the outer bark of Betula verrucosa Ehrh, Holzforschung, 37, 205 211 (1983). 

The dominant species are the spruce (Picea excelsa), the birch (Betula verrucosa, B. pubescens), the aspen (Populus tremula), and the alder (Aims incana). The moss and low bush layer is represented by the blueberry-bush (Vaccinium myrtiilus), hypnic mosses, separate species of cowberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and flowering plants. The biomass of these Spruce Forest ecosystems reaches 10 ton/ha at the age of 100-150 years (Table 4). 

Chemical component Pine (Finns silvestris) Spruce (Picea abies) Birch (Betula verrucosa)... 

Fig. 1-8. Example of the distribution of fiber length in softwood (P/cea abies) and hardwood (Betula verrucosa) (llvessalo-Pfaffli, 1977).

TABLE 4-2. Percentages of Different Types of Bonds in Birch (Betula verrucosa) Lignin (MWL) ... 

P/cea abies), Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), and Birch (Betula verrucosa)°... 

Enkkson I, Lidbrandt O, Westermark U (1988) Lignin distribution in birch (Betula verrucosa) as determined by mercurization with SEM- and TEM-EDXA Wood Sci Technol 22 251-257... 

Nykvist N. (1961) Leaching and decomposition of btter III. Experiments on leaf btter of Betula Verrucosa. Oikos 12(2), 249-263. 

Birchwood Betula verrucosa) was mainly used in the experiments but a few experiments were performed with pinewood Pinus silvesiris). Both these trees are common in northern Europe. Samples of cubic and cylindrical forms and masses from 0.6 to 800 mg were used. The masses have been divided into four groups and the shape of the particles in each group is given in Table 1. 

Figure 2.10. The structure of lignin (Adler, 1977). (a) Building units of lignin, (b) Enzymatic dehydrogenation of coniferyl alcohol results in a number of resonance-stabilized phenoxyl radicals. Subsequent polymerization creates the variety of linkages between phenylpropane units that is characteristic of lignin, (c) Common substmctures and their proportions, as found in Picea abies and Betula verrucosa milled wood lignins. The proportion of individual bond types is noted beside each substructure for softwoods (S/w) and hardwoods (H/w).

Diuretics from Plant Sources. Reports of diuretic activity in naturally-occurring substances or their extracts have been abundant in the past and they are always difficult to evaluate. Recent, diiiretic properties have been described for extracts of birch leaves (Betula verrucosa), celery (Apium graveolens) and the Indian plants, Boerhaavia repens and Boerhaavia rependa. - ... 

Polyisoprenoid alcohols consisting of 9 to 20 isoprene units have a widespread occurrence as indicated by their presence in the leaves of higher plants, mammalian tissues, and microorganisms. Most of the polyprenols isolated from higher plants consist of trans and cis isoprene units with the exception of solanesol, which is composed of all-trans isoprene units. The arrangement of trans and cis units in these polyprenols has been determined from a consideration of the mechanism of the formation of betula-prenols, C(30)-C(45), isolated from wood tissue of Betula verrucosa (9). However, up to the present there has been no direct evidence to prove the location of the internal trans and cis units. 

Betula verrucosa Silver birch Chlorine holocellulose, methyl sulfoxide 13 200... 

Birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh., Betula lutea,Betula papirifera) 45 8 19-23 12-21 20-22 43 6... 

Various traws-oligoterpenols isolated from the birch Betula verrucosa (Betulaceae) are known as betulaprenols, labeled according to the number of isoprene units that their molecules contain. Betulaprenol-9 also occurs in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae). Betulaprenol-11 and -12 are found in the leaves of Morus nigra (Moraceae) and in the feces of silk-worms Bombyx mori) eating these leaves. 

Betula verrucosa leaf extract. See Birch (Betula alba) leaf extract... 

Uses Botanical, tonic, astringent, soothing agent, cleansing agent in cosmetics Manuf./Distrib. Bio-Botanica http //www.bio-botanica.com, Flavex Naturextrakte GmbH http //www.flavex.com, Frutarom http //WWW. frutarom. com Birch (Betula alba) leaf extract CAS 84012-15-7 EINECS/ELINCS 281-660-9 Synonyms Betula alba Betula alba leaf extract Betula verrucosa leaf extract Birch leaf extract Definition Extract of the leaves of the birch, Betula alba... 

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