Biologic effects on human

Molecular structural analysis is a developing method. The objective of a molecuhu structural analysis is to demonstrate a physical, structural, or chemical similarity between tlie chemical in question and a known toxic chemical tliat produces toxic and healtli effects in experimental animals and/or humans. Unfortunately, scientists do not fully understand tlie effects of slight changes in tlie chemical structure and tlieir biological effect on humans. As a result, tills type of analysis is useful in preliminary studies to identify potential health hazards for further e. amination with more established metliods in short-tenii tests or tests in experimental animals, hi its present stage of development, molecular structural analysis caiuiot be used to make absolute decisions about tlie appropriate levels of exposure of humans to chemicals... 

The variation of secondary metabolites produced by plants is enormous and differs greatly with the stages of growth and development (1-5). Of these natural products, saponins are being carefully examined because of their biological effects on humans, plants, and animals. 

Rem—Roentgen equivalent man, the nnit of dose of any ionizing radiation that produces the same biological effect on human tissne as one roentgen of x-rays. 

Details about structure, biosynthesis, and classification of phenolics are described in the other chapters in this handbook. Plant phenolics have a distinctive ability to form non-covalent, intermolecular complexes with each other and with both large and small molecules. Recognition of the antioxidant activities of many polyphenols has established correlation with the health benefits by such compounds [34]. This leads to the development of commercial products containing free-radical-scavenging phytochemical mixtures, for example, Pycnogenol (procyanidin extracted from Pinus maritima). Table 82.2 represents a list of polyphenolic compounds used in nutraceuticals and their biologic effects on human health. 

Kobayashi M, Fitz L, Ryan M, Hewick RM, Clark SC, Chan et al. Identification and purification of natural killer cell stimulatory fector (NKSF), a cytokine with multiple biologic effects on human lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1989 170(3) 827-845. 

Biological agent Any of a range of microorganisms which have an adverse effect on human health, including those genetically modified cell cultures and en-doparasites. 

BHAKDi s (1998) Atherogenic properties of enzymatically degraded LDL selective induction of MCP-1 and cytotoxic effects on human macrophages Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 18, 1376-85. 

Vitamin A (retinol) and retinoic acid are carotenoid oxidation compounds that are very important for human health. The main functions of retinoids relate to vision and cellular differentiation. With the exception of retinoids, it was only about 10 years ago that other carotenoid oxidation products were first thought to possibly exert biological effects in humans and were implicated in the prevention - or promotion of degenerative diseases. A review on this subject was recently published. ... 

Tripoli E, Giammanco M, Tabacchi G, Di Majo D, Giammanco S and La Guardia M. 2005. The phenolic compounds of olive oil structure, biological activity and beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Res Rev 18(1) 98—112. 

Measurement or estimation of health impacts under TSCA would be premature, since relatively little has been done to regulate new or existing chemicals that could result in health benefits. The principal exception to this generalization is the ban on aerosol uses of CFCs, whose chronic effects on human health derive from their environmental impact rather than direct biological toxicity. Compared with other environmental laws, such as the Clean Air Act, the regulatory accomplishments of TSCA are somewhat insubstantial. 

Pharmaceuticals, unlike industrial chemicals, agricultural chemicals, and environmental agents, are intended to have human exposure and biological activity. And, unlike these materials and food additives, pharmaceuticals are intended to have biological effects on the people that receive them. Frequently, the interpretation of results and the formulation of decisions about the continued development and... 

The EHC monographs provide critical reviews on the effect on human health and the environment of chemicals and of combinations of chemicals and physical and biological agents. As such, they include and review studies that are of direct relevance for the evaluation. However, they do not describe every study carried out. Worldwide data are used and are quoted from original studies, not from abstracts or reviews. Both published and unpublished reports are considered and it is incumbent on the authors to assess all the original articles cited in the references. Preference is... 

Fluoride is a cumulative toxin, which accumulates in mineralized tissues, notably in the lattice of bone and tooth crystals [8,39]. The biological effects in humans due to chronic fluoride ingestion depend not only on the total dosage and duration of exposure, but also on associated factors such as nutritional status, functional status of the renal tissue and interaction with other trace elements [41]. The effect of... 

Because the aim of the control of residues is to prevent residues in food exerting an undesirable effect on humans, it would be elegant to use this biological effect as the detection principle. Hence, the detection of drug residues in edible animal products has traditionally been performed by microbiological techniques. 

Data on biological effects in humans that are of particular relevance are summarized. 

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