Pinus maritima

NARDINI M, SCACCINI c, PACKER L and VIRGILI F (2000) In vivo inhibition of the activity of phosphorylase kinase, protein kinase C and protein kinase A by caffeic acid and a procyanidin rich pine bark (Pinus maritima) extract Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1474, 219-25. 

Bacillus, Klebsiella, Cornybacterium, and Pseudomonas being the most frequently observed. The capacity of these bacteria to degrade tannins, and detoxify bark chips or barks extracts, was further demonstrated with pine (Pinus maritima) (51), oak (Quercus pedonculata) and gaboon wood (Aucoumea kleneana) barks (52). The degradation of quebracho and wattle tannins was also confirmed in pure cultures (53). 

It is obtained from the bark of the French maritime pine Pinus maritima. 

Colina-Tejada, A., A. Ambles, and P. Jambu. 1996. Nature and origin of soluble lipids shed into the soil by rainwater leaching a forest cover of Pinus maritima sp. European Journal of Soil Science 47 637-643. 

Packer, L., Rimbach, G., and Virgili, F. (1999). Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27, 704-724. 

Pycnogenol (procyanidins extracted from Pinus maritima)... 

Taxifolin (dihydroflavonol) Engelhardtia chrysolepis (Juglandaceae), Pinus maritima (Pinaceae) MMP-2 (50 pM), MMP-9 (55 pM) [87]... 

Pycnogenol (= Pine bark Pinus maritima (Pinaceae) [bark] proanthocyanidins)... 

Bordeaux Concrete oleoresin Pinus maritima France... 

Normal wood native lignin Maritime pine (Pinus maritima) 23 1/99/tr... 

Virgin, F. et al., Ferulic acid excretion as a marker of consumption of a French maritime pine (Pinus maritima) bark extract. Free Radical Biol Med., 28, 1249, 2000. 

Virgin, F., Kobuchi, H., and Packer, L., Procyanidins extracted from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol) scavengers of free radical species and modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Free Radical Biol. Med., 24, 1120-1129,1998. 

Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) extract CAS 90082-75-08 EINECS/ELINCS 290-166-2 Synonyms Maritime pine extract Pinus maritima extract Pinus pinaster Pinus pinaster extract... 

Pinus. See Pine (Pinus palustris) tar Pine (Pinus sylvestris) needle extract Pinus maritima extract. See Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) extract Pinus montana oil Pinus mugo oil. See Pine (Pinus pumilio) needle oil Pinus palustris Pinus palustris oil. See Pine (Pinus palustris) oil... 

ISO standard 21093 shows character and data for this oil. In the past, addition of turpentine oil was used for adulteration later the essential oil of the needles of Pinus maritima was used, as the composition showed very close data of compounds. Chiral analysis gives helpful results. Kreis et al. (1991) reported chiral ratio in monoterpenes as follows (lR,5R)-(+)-a-pinene (44%) (15,55)-(-)-a-pinene (56%) (lR,5R)-(+)-p-pinene (2%) (15,55)-(-)-p-plnene (98%) and (47 )-(+)-limonene (40%) (45)-(-)-limonene (60%). 

ISO standard 21093 shows character and data for that oil. Pinus maritima shows nearly identical values and adulteration is hardly to recognize. As long as the price of the oil of P. maritima was one- fth of the Pinus mugo, it was sold in large quantities as mountain pine oil. Now prices are nearly identical and mixing up makes no sense anymore. Adulteration is done by a-pinene, P pinene, 5-3-carene, (-)-limonene, myrcene, p-phellandrene, and /-bornyl acetate from various sources. 

Details about structure, biosynthesis, and classification of phenolics are described in the other chapters in this handbook. Plant phenolics have a distinctive ability to form non-covalent, intermolecular complexes with each other and with both large and small molecules. Recognition of the antioxidant activities of many polyphenols has established correlation with the health benefits by such compounds [34]. This leads to the development of commercial products containing free-radical-scavenging phytochemical mixtures, for example, Pycnogenol (procyanidin extracted from Pinus maritima). Table 82.2 represents a list of polyphenolic compounds used in nutraceuticals and their biologic effects on human health. 

Sesquiterpen axis Finns Pinea 4 II349. Sesquiterpen aus Pinus maritima 5 II 349. d-Longifolen 5 II349. 

Roudier A J, Eberhard L 1963 Investigation of the hemicelluloses of maritime pine of swamps (Pinus maritima). III. Polyosides extracted from the wood with boiling water. Constitution of a glucuronoarabinoxylogalactan among them. Bull Soc Chim Fr 844-850... 

French oil of turpentine is characterised by a high laevo-rotation. It is obtained principally from Pinus Pinaster Pinus maritima Poir). vide snupra), and has the following characters —... 

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