Bio-crude oil

Baltic Model of Regional Energy Market Liberalisation Business as usual Bio crude oil Battery-electric vehicle... 

Pyrolysis liquid is referred to by many names including pyrolysis oil, bio-oil, bio-crude-oil, bio-fiiel-oil, wood liquids, wood oil, liquid smoke, wood distillates, pyroligneous tar, pyroligneous acid, and liquid wood. The crude pyrolysis liquid is dark brovyn and approximates to biomass in elemental composition. It is conqsosed of a very complex mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons with an appreciable proportion of water from both the original moisture and reaction product. Solid char and dissolved alkali metals from ash (34) may also be present. 

Third progress report (2000), Contract JOR3-CT98-0310, Small - scale combined heat and power from bio-crude oil fuelled to a Stirling engine. 

Bio-Crude-Oil/Diesel oil emulsification main achievements of the emulsification process and preliminary results of tests on Diesel engine... 

The following tables report the principal chemical-physical properties of the emulsions derived from Dynal009 and ENEL2. It can be noticed that the physical-chemical properties of the emulsions are strictly related to the corresponding properties of the initial fuels (that is Diesel and Bio Crude Oil). Other additives (conventional lubricating and amidic or aminic co-surfactants) have been added (up to 0.5% by weight) to the emulsions to improve the lubricating properties and decrease the corrosive behaviour due to BCO. 

Conti L, Scano G, Boufala J, Mascia S. 1997. Bio-crude oil hydrotreating in a continuous bench-scale plant. In Bridgwater AV, Boocock DGB (editors). Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Vol. 1. London Blackie Academic Professiontil. 

Use the entire algae plant mass and convert it via a biomass-to-liquid (BTL) thermochemical process to create bio-oil or bio-crude oil, which can then be... 

Other compounds which may be found in crude oil are metals such as vanadium, nickel, copper, zinc and iron, but these are usually of little consequence. Vanadium, if present, is often distilled from the feed stock of catalytic cracking processes, since it may spoil catalysis. The treatment of emulsion sludges by bio-treatment may lead to the concentration of metals and radioactive material, causing subsequent disposal problems. 

Hydrothermolysis is a specific process developed by Shell for producing an oil-like material, called bio-erude, with a low oxygen content. The process is so called because it involves treatment of the biomass with water at temperatures of 200-330 °C and pressures over 30 bar. Although the proeess is not yet economical it may well be so in the near future as crude oil prices eontinue to rise. 

The potential of combining a lower need for deoxygenation and a higher product value is illustrated in Fig. 2.15. It shows that the selective incorporation of oxygen into a hydrocarbon, as done in the petrochemical industry, is very expensive. In contrast, the bio-based alternative enjoys two advantages. Firstly, the feedstock is cheaper than crude oil, even on an energy and carbon base, as discussed above. Secondly, its selective deoxygenation has been proven to cheaper than the petrochemical route in a few cases, e.g., for ethanol and furfural. The same can be expected for other biomass derivates in the future. 

Apart from being used as bio-diesel , fatty acid esters, which are obtained from fatty acids and alcohols, are becoming increasingly interesting as biodegradable replacements for mineral oils. In some application areas such as chain-saw oil, gearbox oils, hydraulic oils and lubricants for crude oil production these oleochemical products have already proved themselves. 

A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and eqtrip-ment to produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals from biomass. Biorefinery is the co-production of a spectram of bio-based products and energy from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today s crude oil refinery. Biorefinery is a relatively new term referring to the conversion of biomass feedstock into a host of valuable chemicals and energy with minimal waste and emissions. 

Fast pyrolysis liquid has a higher heating value of about 17 MJ/kg as produced with about 25% wt. water that cannot readily be separated. The liquid is often referred to as "oil" or "bio-oil" or "bio-crude" although it will not mix with any hydrocarbon liquids. It is composed of a complex mixture of oxygenated compounds that provide boA the potential and challenge for utilisation. There are some important characteristics of this liquid that are summarised in Table 5 and discussed briefly below. 

Vacuum pyrolysis of biomass yields a high amount of oils (bioliiels) which meet several of the heavy fuel performance specifications [9,10]. Some properties of these bio-oils might be improved by upgrading processes such as co-pyrolysis of biomass with heavy crude oils or petroleum residues. 

Another source of vanadium, of interest in biological and environmental contexts, are fossil fuels such as peat, coal, bitumen, oil-shales, asphalts and crude oil. The vanadium content of hard coal can vary from 0.007 to 0.34%. Crude oil from Albania (0.034%), the Volga-Ural region (0.061%) and Venezuela (0.12%) (upper limit in all three cases) is particularly rich in vanadium.I l A high vanadium content is often associated with high sulfur contents. The reasons for the notable enrichment of vanadium in fossils compared with bio-mass precursors such as bacteria, protozoans, algae, plants and animals are still under debate. Possible mechanisms for a secondary input of vanadium in decaying... 

Furthermore, 75% of these fossil-based resources are concentrated in a few OPEC countries and, under these circumstances, oil prices are more likely to remain unstable and are now hovering around US 123/barrel. It is estimated that the price of crude oil is likely to exceed US 170/barrel by the end of the year 2010. This situation cannot be sustained. The development of alternative energy resources will help stabilize oil prices and improve the security of energy supply for non-oil producing nations. The development and production of liquid bio-flxels, which has been ongoing since the oil crises of 1973, should contribute towards the attainment of this goal. 

Amidst the panic of petroleum shortages and rising prices of 1979, some individuals expected to produce oils from biomass, also known as bio-crude, proto-oil, bunker bio-oil... This expectation was fairly short-lived however. Although touted as something, someday destined to replace or reduce oil imports, pyrolysis oil from biomass had very little in common with petroleum. Its qualifications as "a crude" were very rudimentary. It looked black, smelled bad, and usually flowed if there was enough water in it but that is where the resemblance ended. 

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