Liquid smoke

Smokes and plumes White smoke (liquid mist) Plume abatement 0.3-0.5 800-10001... 

Waste material (as smoke, liquid industrial refuse, or sewage) discharged into the environment, esp. as a POLLUTANT. 

Aerosol A dispersion of itucroscopic solid or liquid particles in air. Solid aerosols are classified as dust, fume or smoke. Liquid aerosols are considered either mist or fog. 

An aerosol is a suspension of either a solid or a liquid in a gas. Fog, for example, is a suspension of small liquid water droplets in air, and smoke is a suspension of small solid particulates in combustion gases. In both cases the liquid or solid particulates must be small enough to remain suspended in the gas for an extended time. Solid aerosol particulates, which are the focus of this problem, usually have micrometer or submicrometer diameters. Over time, solid particulates settle out from the gas, falling to the Earth s surface as dry deposition. 

Table 12-4 is a summary of liquid fuel speeifieations set by manufaeturers for effieient maehine operations. The water and sediment limit is set at 1% by maximum volume to prevent fouling of the fuel system and obstruetion of the fuel filters. Viseosity is limited to 20 eentistokes at the fuel nozzles to prevent elogging of the fuel lines. Also, it is advisable that the pour point be 20 °F (11 °C) below the minimum ambient temperature. Failure to meet this speeifieation ean be eorreeted by heating the fuel lines. Carbon residue should be less than 1% by weight based on 100% of the sample. The hydrogen eontent is related to the smoking tendeney of a fuel. Lower... 

Eor health care facilities see NEPA 99. Clean rooms require superior static control measures where flammable liquids are handled. Smoke may be... 

Decomposition of the polymer becomes rapid once a certain temperature has been reached and a variety of products such as combustible tmd noncombustible gases and liquids, charred solids and smoke may also be produced. Some of these products may accelerate further decomposition whilst others may retard it and this may depend not only on the nature of the compound but also on the environmental conditions. 

SMOKE Particulate matter (usually <0.5 pm in diameter) in air resulting usually from combustion, including liquids, gases, vapours and solids. 

Airborne particulate matter, which includes dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets emitted into the air, is small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere. Airborne particulate matter may be a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances. They can be characterized by their physical attributes, which influence their transport and deposition, and their chemical composition, which influences their effect on health. The physical attributes of airborne particulates include mass concentration and size distribution. Ambient levels of mass concentration are measured in micrograms per cubic meter (mg/m ) size attributes are usually measured in aerodynamic diameter. Particulate matter (PM) exceeding 2.5 microns (/i) in aerodynamic diameter is generally defined as coarse particles, while particles smaller than 2.5 mm (PMj,) are called fine particles. 

Aerosol a mixture of microscopic solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium. Smoke, haze, and fog are aerosol examples. 

BOMBS, SMOKE, CONTAINING CORROSIVE LIQUID, NON-EXPLOSIVES 2028 ... 

The burning pit is of simple constmction, with low capital and operating costs, and it can handle liquid as well as vapor hydrocarbons. Its use is usually limited by spacing requirements and smoke formation, and it is applied only in remote locations where there are essentially no pollution restrictions. 

This is a subroutine that calculates an evaporation rate from a pool of spilled liquid in presence of wind (ORG-40), or in still air (TP-10). It was developed by the U.S. Array for downwind hazard prediction following release from smoke munitions and chemical agents. The code calculates the evaporation rate of a liquid pool, given the physical stale variables, wind speed, and diameter of pool. ORG-40 and TP-10 models are coded as a Fortran 77 subroutine, EVAP4.FOR, in D2PC. The user s manual is Whiiacre (1987). 

These generators vaporize a liquid (oil/mineral oil or glycol and water), which then condenses into a fine aerosol on contact with cooler air. The amount of smoke produced should be controllable by the liquid feed rate and the temperature of the heating chamber, but in practice the output is not ea.sy to control. They will, however, produce a large amount of smoke over a long periled, dhe generators are relatively expensive (several hundred ECUs), are bulky, are not generally portable, and require an electrical connection. 

This is a clear liquid that vaporizes and, on contact with damp air, combines with w ater to produce a dense acid mist. Titanium tetrachloride can be painted on to surfaces, such as fume cupboard sills, from which it will evaporate over a period of several seconds showing the airflow patterns close to the surface. (Airflow patterns close to a surface could also be visualized by fastening short filaments of wool or cotton to the surface). Titanium tetrachloride can also be used, when soaked onto a cotton swab, in a similar way to a smoke tube. It is a simple and inexpensive method but the production of smoke, which is toxic and corrosive, is uncontrollable. 

Air contaminants in solid or liquid state (aerosols), e.g., wood dust, welding smoke, or oil mist, are all in principle directly visible. The dispersion of those contaminants and the airflow patterns around the source may therefore be studied without any special tools. It is, however, not always possible to see the contaminant if, for example, the concentration in the air is low, the size of the particles is small, or the lighting is poor. The fact that the contaminant can t be seen may stem from the acceptable low level of the concentration but that can of course not be used to conclude that the control is acceptable. That conclusion depends not only on the contaminant s toxicological qualities but on how visible it is iit air. The ability to see the particles directly is also, as said above, a function of their size. Small particles, able to be transported deep into the thinner airways of the lungs, are many times also difficult to see directly. 

A very important parr of the gas-deatimg process is the removal of the collected particles from the cleaning system. This should be as controlled as possible in order to avoid particle reenrrainmenr to the gas flow. This can be accomplished in the case of liquid particles such as acid fume or tar or oil smoke. olid particles are normally removed by periodic rapping of discharge and collection electrodes. Solid particles can also be removed with the aid of water, as is done in wet electrostatic precipitators. 

Smoke Aerosols formed from minute solid or liquid particles, most less than 1 xm in diameter, generated by the incomplete combustion of a fuel or by sublimation. 

A similar incident occurred in a tank truck used to cany waste liquids. While it was being filled with a nonflammable liquid and the driver was standing on the top, smoking, an explosion occurred, and the manhole cover was thrown 60 m. On its previous Journey the tank truck had carried a waste liquid containing dissolved flammable gas. Some of the gas was left in the tank and was pushed out when it was filled with the next load. For other examples see Reference lO. 

Experiments by Schmidli et al. (1990) were focused on the distribution of mass on rupture of a vessel containing a superheated liquid below its superheat-temperature limit. Flasks (50-ml and 100-mI capacity) were partially filled with butane or propane. Typically, when predetermined conditions were reached, the flask was broken with a hammer. Expansion of the unignited cloud was measured by introduction of a smoke curtain and use of a high speed video camera. Large droplets were visible, but a portion of the fuel formed a liquid pool beneath the flask. Figure 6.5 shows that, as superheat was increased, the portion of fuel that... 

Many fires are started by careless or neglectful workers who do not abide by rules tliat proliibit smoking in areas containing flaimnable liquids, gases, vapors, dusts, fibers, and so on. ... 

D-86 is the most common method used in refineries. The distillation is done at atmospheric pressure. It is used for samples with an EP less than 750 F (400°C). Above this temperature, the sample begins to crack. Thermal cracking is identified by a drop in the temperature of distilled vapor, the presence of brown smoke, and a rise in the system pressure. Above 750 E liquid temperature, the distilling flask begins to deform. All of today s ECC feeds are too heavy to use the D-86... 

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