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Baltic Sea model

Meier, M. H. E., 2001. On the parameterization of mixing in three-dimensional Baltic Sea models. Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (C12), 30,997-31,016. [Pg.42]

The sea floor is represented by model cells, where the normal horizontal and vertical flux from the bottom into the cells is set to zero. This requiies a data set with information on the Baltic Sea bathymetry. In the late 1980s, at the outset of three-dimensional modeling of the Baltic Sea, gridded topographic data with sufficient accuracy and resolution were constructed from nautical maps, data from research cruises, and other data sources. One of the most complete data sets, used today for many Baltic Sea model projects as a standard, was compiled and regularly updated by Seifert et al. (2001), see Section 20.2.5. [Pg.590]

Open Boundary Conditions The regional Baltic Sea model has a western open boundary in the Skagerrak. At open boundaries, the model equations for the calculation of horizontal gradients are not complete and boundary conditions are needed to close the numerical scheme. The open boundary conditions implemented in the Baltic Sea version of MOM-3.1 have the following three main components ... [Pg.591]

At present (2007), simulations with high resolution Baltic Sea models are limited to experiments lasting several model months. However, with the next generation of supercomputers, decadal model runs will become possible. This will also involve enormous efforts for data storage, pre- and postprocessing and data visualization. [Pg.616]

As described in Section 19.2.3.8, regional models, such as a Baltic Sea model, can get the boundary values for the calculation of surface fluxes from simulations with atmosphere models, which have been carried out previously. This is possible, because the influence of the Baltic Sea on the Northern Hemisphere weather system is only important for local phenomena, and inaccuracy in the feedback from the Baltic Sea to the atmosphere is of minor importance, Schrumm and Backhaus (1999). Widely used datasets, such as the ERA-40 reanalysis data, are improved by assimilation of observations. If surface variables calculated by the ocean model tend to drift away, this is compensated to a large extent by the calculated surface fluxes. For this reason numerical simulations with standalone ocean-ice models can be successful. [Pg.616]

Korolenko, K.A., 2003. Chemical Warfare Munitions Dumped in the Baltic Sea Modeling of Pollutant Transport Due to Possible Leakage. Oceanology 1, 21—34. [Pg.293]

Further evidence to support the notion of a role for immunotoxic environmental contaminants in the 1988 outbreak came from two studies of laboratory rats carried out in tandem with the seal studies. PVG rats were fed the same two batches of herring used in the seal study, with a similar pattern of effects observed in the seals [63,64], However, there were additional indications of immunotoxicity that could not be evaluated in seals for ethical or technical reasons, including increased virus titers in a rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) host resistance model, and reduced thymus cellularity in the rats fed Baltic Sea herring. A positive control group of rats in one of the studies was exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, thereafter exhibiting an amplified pattern of the effects that had been observed in the Baltic group. The collective results from the captive seal studies and the laboratory animal studies were seen to implicate an AhR-mediated immunotoxicity, in which dioxin-like PCBs played a dominant role [64, 65],... [Pg.412]

In this section, we illustrate some patterns of variation in temperate macroalgal chemical ecology by focusing on one model system, the bladderwrack F. vesiculosus and its phlorotannins in the Northern Baltic Sea. In this region, F. vesiculosus is the... [Pg.76]

Savchuk, O.P., and Wulff, F. (2001) A model of the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Baltic. In Ecological Studies, A System Analysis of the Baltic Sea (Wulff, F., ed.), pp. 374-415, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. [Pg.657]

Wulff, F., and Stigebrandt, A. (1989) A time-dependent budget model for nutrients in the Baltic Sea. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 3, 63-78. [Pg.685]

Staneva JV, Stanev EV (1997) Cold intermediate water formation in the Black Sea. Analysis of numerical model simulations. In Ozsoy E, Mikaelyan A (eds) Sensitivity to change Black Sea, Baltic Sea and Northern Sea. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 375... [Pg.194]

Environmental levels of PCDEs have not been intensively studied like those of PCBs or PCDDs and PCDFs due to fact that model substances of PCDEs have not been commercially available until recently. Therefore, PCDEs have not been routinely monitored in any aquatic environment. Most data on PCDEs obtained using 17 or more PCDE standards are from Great Lakes fish [119] and from fish and sediment from a Finnish river, the Kymijoki River, [33,58,114]. Baltic Sea fish, birds, and seals have also been studied for PCDEs [113,124,139]. [Pg.189]

Savchuk, O., andWulff, F. (1999). Modelling regional large-scale responses of Baltic Sea ecosystems to nutrient load reductions. Hydrobiologia 393, 35 3. [Pg.566]

There are surprisingly few direct measurements of denitrification in water or sediment of the Baltic Sea (Brettar and Rheinheimer, 1992 Stockenberg and Johnstone, 1997). The first attempts to quantify denitrification in the Baltic Sea were made by Ronner (1985) and by Schaffer and Ronner (1984), and were based on models/indirect calculations. These authors mainly considered denitrification below the permanent halocline in the Baltic Proper, where anoxic conditions are common. Their estimate was 410 kt N year, with most of the denitrification taking place in the sediments. This is most probably an overestimation of denitrification below the halocline. [Pg.692]

Stolte, W., Karlsson, C., Carlsson, P., and Graneli, E. (2002). Modeling the increase of nodularin content in Baltic Sea Nodularia spumigena during stationary phase in phosphorus-limited batch cultures. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 41, 211-220. [Pg.704]

In contrast to N, surprisingly little information is available on export rates of Fe from the surface ocean, despite the obvious importance of this parameter to biogeochem-ical models. Partly, this is due to the difficulties associated with making trace-metal clean measurements of sinking fluxes out of the mixed layer. Two published estimates from relatively nearshore waters present quite high export estimates of 2 pmol m day (in the Drake Passage, Martin et ai, 1990) and <10—140 pmol m day (in the Baltic Sea, Pohl et ai, 2004). [Pg.1633]

Breivik K and Wania E (2002) Evaluating a model of the historical behavior of two hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Baltic Sea environment. Environmental Science Technology 36(5) 1014-1023. [Pg.1327]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.587 , Pg.590 , Pg.597 , Pg.616 ]




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