Ammonium quaternary bases

Berberine, 162, 169, 170, 171, 287, 328, 329, 331, 344, 345, 631 Berberine, quaternary ammonium bases from tetrahydro-derivative, 337 Berberine and related bases, pharmacological action, 345 syntheses, 334 Berberineacetone, 333 cptBerberine, 297 profoBerberine, 336 4-Berberines, 335 Berberinium hydroxide, 333 Berberinol, 333 Berberis spp., 328, 331, 346 Berberoline, 332 Berberonic acid, 507 Berberrubine, 329, 343 Berbine, 336 Betaine, 518 Bicucine, 170, 209... 

The thermodynamic analysis of the selectivity of ion exchange with the participation of ions of quaternary ammonium bases [56--58] has shown that an increase in bonding selectivity, when metal ions are replaced by organic ions, which is usually accompanied by an increase in entropy of the system (Table 5). It follows from Table 5 that a drastic increase in bonding selectivity upon passing to a triethylbenzylammonium counterion (the most complex ion) is due to a considerable increase in the entropy of the system. 

Table 5. Thermodynamic analysis of the substitution of ions of quaternary ammonium bases by sodium ions...

Since then, organic amines, quaternary-ammonium bases, metal complexes, and other compounds have been extensively used in zeolite synthesis, acting as space fillers with low specificity, structure-directing agent, or true templates ... 

Gregor, H. P. Frederick, M. (1957). Titration studies of polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acids with alkali metals and quaternary ammonium bases. Journal of Polymer Science, 23, 451-65. 

The most extensively studied of the quaternary ammonium-based cationic surfactants (QACs) is the hydrogenated tallow dimethyl... 

Pyridine (and quinoline) which in so many respects are aromatic and comparable to benzene, lose this character completely on hydrogenation to piperidine (and hydroquinoline), which are entirely of the same nature as secondary aliphatic amines. The completely hydrogenated heterocyclic bases undergo degradation reactions which have become important particularly in the investigation of the constitution of alkaloids. A. W. Hofmann s method of opening rings by means of exhaustive methylation may be illustrated with piperidine. By thermal decomposition of the quaternary ammonium base a C—N-link-age is broken and at the same time water is eliminated. 

The open-chain unsaturated tertiary amine is again exhaustively methylated and its quaternary ammonium base, in its turn, decomposed as before. 

Pernak, J. et al.. Long alkyl chain quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquids and potential applications. Green Chem., 8, 798, 2006. 

Another mechanism of copolymerization was reported by Feltzin et al.73). These authors also considered activation of tertiary amine by a compound with active hydrogen but with the formation of a quaternary ammonium base (Eq. (45)), being regarded as the real initiator of copolymerization. Initiation, propagation and termination reactions according to Feltzin are illustrated by schemes (46)-(49). 

Mejov, E.A. Handbook on Extraction by Amines and Quaternary Ammonium Bases (Russ.). ENERGOATOMIZDAT Moscow, 1987. 

By coupling aminobenzothiazoles to the quaternary ammonium bases, red cationic dyes (e.g., 10) are obtained [32],... 

Anion-exchange resins, particularly quaternary ammonium anion-exchange resins, are extensively applied to recover radionuclides from different process waste streams for instance, Pu(IV) and Th(IV) can be successfully recovered from uranyl ions using quaternary ammonium-based anionic resins in concentrated nitric acid [131-133],... 

Five species of common edible crabs were used. They were cooked in boiling water containing 3% NaCl for 20 minutes according to commercial practice. After cooling, the leg meat was removed from the crabs of both sexes and extracted with hot water. The extracts were then deproteinized with 80% ethanol and analyzed for free and combined amino acids, nucleotides and related compounds, quaternary ammonium bases, sugars, organic acids, and inorganic ions. 

Organic acids Quaternary ammonium bases Nucleotides related compds. 

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