Benthic amphipods

Kukkonen, J., Landrum, P.F. (1998) Effect of particle-xenobiotic contact time on bioavailability of sediment-associated benzoin) pyrene to benthic amphipod, Diporeia spp. Aqua. Toxicol. 42, 229-242. 

Ericksson, S.P and J.M. Weeks. 1994. Effects of copper and hypoxia on two populations of the benthic amphipod. Corophium volutator (Pallas). Aquat. Toxicol. 29 73-81. 

Australia Canada sediment-resident invertebrate species, including at least 1 benthic amphipod At least 2 of these studies must be partial or full life-cycle tests with ecologically relevant endpoints. For derivation of a definitive EQS, must have at least 20 entries in the BEDS database European Union United States... 

A variety of samples from an ice island in the Canadian Arctic contained a range of organochlorine compounds, and the role of atmospheric delivery was supported by their occurrence in samples of air, water, snow, zooplankton, and benthic amphipods (Bidleman et al. 1989). The significance of arctic haze was inferred from comparable data collected in May and September from the same ice island (Hargrave et al. 1988). 

Lynch, T.R. Johnson, H.E. (1982) Availability of a hexachlorobiphe-nyl isomer to benthic amphipods from experimentally contaminated natural sediments. In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, ed. J.G. Person et al., ASTM ST766, pp. 273-287. Washington,... 

Cwssetal. (1968) studied the distribution of Zn in two marine crustaceans, a benthic amphipod (Anonyx sp.) and a euphausiid (Euphausia pacifica). The organisms were collected off the Oregon coast, placed in containers of seawater and Zn, removed after 8 days, sectioned, and autoradiographed. The investigators observed that the Zn was localized predominantly in the exoskeleton and myofibril interstitial spaces. They discussed this observation in relation to Zn cycling in the marine ecosystem. 

Roach (rutilus rutilus), a medium-sized cyprinid fish, is a planktonic and benthic species, feeding mainly on cladocerans (D. longispina), detritus, plant debris, amphipods (Echinogammarus sp.), filamentous algae, and ostracods. Roach can thrive on poor quality, even polluted water and displays more capacity of adaptation to different kinds of food than rudd [62]. 

Tributyltin antifouling paints were banned for use in tin-based paints in the U.K. in 1987. Field work on the River Crouch Estuary showed that sediments from areas most contaminated with TBT in 1987 contained 0.16 mg TBT/kg DW however, by 1992 this had declined to 0.02 mg TBT/kg DW. TBT declines were accompanied by increases in abundance and diversity of benthic fauna, especially bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustaceans (Rees et al. 1999 Waldock et al. 1999). 

Freshwater macroinvertebrates were comparatively sensitive to diazinon (Table 16.7). Results of large-scale experimental stream studies (Arthur et al. 1983) showed that dose levels of 0.3 pg diazinon/L caused a five- to eightfold reduction in emergence of mayflies and caddisflies within 3 weeks. After 12 weeks, mayflies, damselflies, caddisflies, and amphipods were absent from benthic samples. Elevated (and catastrophic) drift of stream invertebrates was also documented in diazinon-treated streams, especially for amphipods, leeches, and snails (Arthur et al. 1983). Shortterm tests of 5-h duration with rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) show a 50% reduction in feeding... 

Duffy JE (2002) Biodiversity and ecosystem function the consumer connection. Oikos 99 201-219 Duffy JE, Hay ME (2000) Strong impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a benthic community. Ecol Monogr 70 237-263... 

Kraufvelin P, Salovius S, Christie H, Moy FE, Karez R, Pedersen MF (2006) Eutrophication-induced changes in benthic algae affect the behaviour and fitness of the marine amphipod Gammarus locusta. Aquat Bot 84 199-209... 

Hyne, R.V. and Everett, D.A. Application of a benthic euryhaline amphipod, Corophium sp., as a sediment toxicity testing organism for both freshwater and estuarine systems, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 34(l) 26-33, 1998. 

Decomposition rates of some organic substrates are reduced. Substantial changes in the species composition of primary producers occur. The richness of phytoplankton species is reduced, while biomass and productivity of phytoplankton are not reduced by acidification. The biomass of herbivorous and predaceous zooplankton is probably reduced because of reductions in numbers of organisms and/or reduction in their average size. Many benthic invertebrates such as species of snails, clams, crayfish, amphipods, and various aquatic insects are intolerant of low pH and are seldom found in acidic lakes. However, certain large aquatic insects such as water boatmen and gyrinids are very acid tolerant and may become the top predators in some acidified lakes. Acidification of aquatic systems has major effects on fish population. 

The marine amphipod Ampelisca abdita is a suspension and deposit feeder and it often occurs as a numerically dominant member of benthic communities (Fay et al., 2000). It can also serve as an important food source for bottom-feeding fish. 4-nonylphenol is a degradation product from detergents (see Fig. 2.16). Its relevant physical-chemical properties are given in Appendix C. 

BENTHIC GASTROPODS HOLOTHURIANS CRABS SHRIMPS POLYCHAETES-AMPHIPODS ... 

Stuart, V., Head, E.3.H. and Mann, K.H., in press. Relative contributions of benthic diatoms and Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) detritus to the nutrition of the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas) on a Bay of Fundy mud flat. 3. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 

Landrum et al. (1992) developed a kinetic bioaccumulation model for PAHs in the amphipod Diporeia, employing first-order kinetic rate constants for uptake of dissolved chemical from the overlying water, uptake by ingestion of sediment, and elimination of chemical via the gills and feces. In this model, diet is restricted to sediment, and chemical metabolism is considered negligable. The model and its parameters, as Table 9.3 summarizes, treat steady-state and time-variable conditions. Empirically derived regression equations (Landrum and Poore, 1988 and Landrum, 1989) are used to estimate the uptake and elimination rate constants. A field study in Lake Michigan revealed substantial differences between predicted and observed concentrations of PAHs in the amphipod Diporeia. Until more robust kinetic rate constant data are available for a variety of benthic invertebrates and chemicals, this model is unlikely to provide accurate estimates of chemical concentrations in benthic invertebrates under field conditions. 

Thus far, quality objectives for chemical substances are derived from the most sensitive organisms in acute and chronic toxicity test batteries that determine NOEC values for different trophic levels. The pT-method similarly determines specific sample dilution levels that are devoid of adverse effects toward (micro)organisms of a standardized test battery. Common to both approaches is the more frequent use of water-column test organisms as opposed to benthic-dwelling organism that reflect more intimate contact with sediment. This practice is primarily based on the fact that standardized bioassays capable of appraising sediment porewaters and elutriates are presently more numerous than solid-phase tests for whole-sediment assessment. As more of these latter tests become developed and standardized (see Chapters 12 and 13, volume 1 of this book on amphipod and chironomid tests), their more frequent use will contribute to a better understand of the toxic effects of sediment-bound contaminants. 

Maintenance of soft-bottom benthic invertebrate communities capable of supporting local fish populations. COPC concentrations in sediment will not result in toxicity to the soft-bottom benthic community. Assess the effect of COPCs in sediment on the survival of two amphipod species (Eohaustorius estuarius and Rhepoxynius abronius). Assess the effect of COPCs in sediment on survival and growth of the polychaete, Neanthes arenaceodentata. Assess in situ changes in benthic community structure (diversity and abundance). 

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