Amphipod

Aldehydeless dark mutants, 35-37 effect of cyanide, 37 Aminopyrazine, 160 Ammodytes, 163 Amphipod, 47 Ampbiura, 163, 337 Amphiura fHiformis, 302, 307, 345 Ampbiura luciferase, 307, 345 Anaerobic condition, 351 Anderson s benzoylation method, 54, 55... 

Fig. 15-13 Organism mortality as a function of SEM/AVS ratio for a hypothetical sediment. This figure is generalized from results typical of sediment toxicity tests (e.g., Hansen et al, 1996). Organisms evaluated in such tests include amphipods and poly-chaetes. The symbols represent different sediments. The vertical line at 10° is positioned at an SEM/AVS ratio of 1.0 the horizontal line at 24% represents the limit of toxicity, that is, mortality 24% is defined as not the consequence of toxicity.

Swartz, R. C. Ditzworth, G. R., Schultz, D. W. and Lamberson, J. O. (1985). Sediment toxicity to a marine infaunal amphipod cadmium and its interaction with sewage sludge. Mar. Environ. Res. 18, 133-153. 

In addition to protecting the pteropod, pteroenone 37 can also serve invertebrates as an indirect chemical defense (Fig. 2). The amphipod Hyperiella dilatata gains protection by carrying the pteropod Clione antarctica on its back. That this carrying behavior provides efficient protection is clear, since in all cases... 

Fig. 2 Left scanning electron micrograph showing the amphipod H. dilatata carrying the chemically defended pteropod C. limacina. Magnification is about 50% [84]. With permission of the Nature publishing group. Right pteroenone (37), the defensive principle of C. limacina...

That terpenoid metabolites can also be up-regulated in response to herbivory was demonstrated with the brown alga Dictyota menstrualis. The generalist amphipod Amphithoe longimana induced increased concentrations of the defensive diterpenes 65-67 in this alga, making it less palatable (Scheme 18). 

Compared to undamaged controls, amphipod-damaged seaweeds had up to 34% higher contents of the diterpenes dictyol E (65), dictyodial (66), and pachy-dictyol A (67) of which 65 deters feeding by the amphipods [137]. Remarkably this study not only relies on laboratory experiments but provides field data. In their natural environment previously heavily attacked algae were less susceptible to herbivory compared to those that had a record of low grazing. 

Sediment reduction t,/2(est.) = 1196 h, t,/2(exptl) = 825 h for chemical available phenanthrene and tA = 151 h for bioavailable phenanthrene for amphipod, P. hoyi in Lake Michigan sediments at 4°C. The average uptake clearance from sediment was (0.041 + 0.023)g of dry sediment-g-1 of organism-h-1, and the rate constants to become biologically unavailable was (0.0055 0.003) h-1 resulting a bioavailable t,/2 = 126 h (Landrum 1989) desorption t,/2 = 8.6 d from sediment under conditions mimicking marine disposal (Zhang et al. 2000). 

Sediment uptake clearance from sediment k = (0.0023 0.001 )g of dry sediment-g-1 of organismlr1 for amphipod, P. hoyi in Lake Michigan sediments at 4°C (Landrum 1989) ... 

Kukkonen, J., Landrum, P.F. (1998) Effect of particle-xenobiotic contact time on bioavailability of sediment-associated benzoin) pyrene to benthic amphipod, Diporeia spp. Aqua. Toxicol. 42, 229-242. 

Landrum, P.F. (1988) Toxicokinetics of organic xenobiotics in the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi role of physiological and environmental variables. Aqua. Toxicol. 12, 245-271. 

Landrum, P.F. (1989) Bioavailability and toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons sorbed to sediments for the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 588-595. 

Roach (rutilus rutilus), a medium-sized cyprinid fish, is a planktonic and benthic species, feeding mainly on cladocerans (D. longispina), detritus, plant debris, amphipods (Echinogammarus sp.), filamentous algae, and ostracods. Roach can thrive on poor quality, even polluted water and displays more capacity of adaptation to different kinds of food than rudd [62]. 

The communities include in particular bacteria, lower aquatic plants (algae), higher aquatic plants, organisms fish feed on (e.g. water flea, amphipods etc.) and fish. They participate in the self purification of waters (reduction of residual pollution from effluent discharges like industrial drainage) and maintain the natural biological equilibrium. 

McGee, B.L., D.A. Wright, and D.J. Fisher. 1998. Biotic factors modifying acute toxicity of aqueous cadmium to estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34 34-40. 

Copper concentrations in sediment interstitial pore waters correlate positively with concentrations of dissolved copper in the overlying water column and are now used to predict the toxicity of test sediments to freshwater amphipods (Ankley et al. 1993). Sediment-bound copper is available to deposit-feeding clams, especially from relatively uncontaminated anoxic sediments of low pH (Bryan and Langston 1992). The bioavailability of copper from marine sediments, as judged by increased copper in sediment interstitial waters, is altered by increased acid volatile sulfide (AYS)... 

Copper concentrations in terrestrial invertebrates from industrialized areas range from 137 to 408 mg/kg DW. Soil invertebrates are not likely to accumulate copper but are important in recycling copper through terrestrial food webs. Aquatic invertebrates seldom contain as much as 95 mg Cu/kg DW, regardless of collection locale. Exceptions include whole amphipods and lobster hepatopan-creas (335 to 340 mg/kg DW) from copper-contaminated sites and many species of molluscs that normally contain 1100 to 6500 mg Cu/kg DW (Table 3.3). 

Mayflies, four species whole nymphs Beach hopper (amphipod), Orchestla gammarellus whole North Sea 1989-90 reference site vs. contaminated site... 

Oceanic amphipods, Themisto spp. whole Antarctic and Atlantic Oceans 1985-86... 

Copepod, Acartia tonsa 31 pg/L for 96 h Amphipod, Allorchestes compressa LC50 1... 

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