Begin scope definition

In applying the project management approach recommended in Chapter 15, the effort should begin with a scope definition for the effort. This often is built around as-is process documentation, or mapping by the project Design Team. Later in the project, modified or new processes will be needed. They too must be mapped. 

The US FDA GLP regulations (21 CFR 58) are comprised of 11 subparts (A-K), beginning with a definition of the scope and terminology (subpart A, General Provisions), followed by minimal requirements for the following ... 

Similarly the OECD GLP regulations (GLP Principles No. 1 in the series) begin with the definition of scope and terminology (section I, Scope and Definition of Terms), followed by 10 subparts (section II) providing minimal requirements for the following ... 

To begin with it is best to place the field of nanolithography and its companion nanomanipulation in perspective. This is shown in Figure 21.2. Nanomanipulation, in principle, should also include manipulation using forces of self-assembly or other chemical forces and manipulations using optical tweezers. However, the word nanomanipulation is often used in a limited context where a SPM tip is used for manipulation of a nano-object. We stick to this definition, partly to reduce the scope of the review and partly because other manipulations are not in the area of expertise of the author. 

Methodology for performing lifecycle assessment has been discussed in many books dedicated to the subject (e.g., Goedkoop, 1994 Curran, 1996) and will not be elaborated in great depth here. In essence, LCA begins with the definition of goal and scope, and is followed by the development of lifecycle inventory (LCI), where information on the inflows and outflows of materials and energy for... 

A discussion of the history of liquid chromatography is beyond the scope of this volume an excellent treatment has been published by Ettre (3). However, some perspective on the beginnings of modern liquid chromatography is useful for an understanding of the technique as now practiced. The first comprehensive publication on the technique was a book edited by Kirkland (4), which grew from a short course offered by the Chromatography Forum of the Delaware Valley. This then laid the foundation for the definitive book, now in its second edition, Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography (2). 

The author has shown to be in possession of all these qualities, while keenly focusing on one of the most important features of flow injection the ability to handle chemical separations. He thus defined the scope of the book, which begins with the right blend of concepts and definitions, deals with relevant flow methodologies and emphasizes important experimental details in a way never done before. 

The definition of project scope might begin with describing the expected outcome. By definition, project outcomes are one of kind, unique to the individual project. If outcomes were repetitive, the project management discipline would not be needed. A production environment would be more appropriate than a project environment. 

Results are also measurable in terms of their achievement — even if it takes longer to know if one has reached one s objective. The outcome definition of the project leaves it to the project team to get to where one wants to go. The firm might begin with a broad result-defined outcome for an initial supply chain strategy project and then use several product-defined and service-defined projects to implement the strategy. So, frequently the supply chain strategy project will use a result to infer its scope and direction. 

The system scope Where does a laboratory begin and end Clear definition of these two points helps to determine the scope of a LIMS. The six areas of system scope that define the matrix are laboratory operations, monitor and control of operations, laboratory management, reporting and communications, analytical decision-making, and organizational integration. This is the maximum scope of a LIMS. These comprise the horizontal axis of the matrix. The function carried out by each of these areas is outlined in Table 1. 

The writers of ANSI7AIHA ZlO-2005, the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS) Standard, emphasized that the OHSMS continual improvement cycle [is] based on the recognized quality concept of Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). A depiction of the PDCA concept appears at the beginning of each of the Scope, Purpose, Application, and Definitions sections. Figure 1 duplicates that depiction. 

Equipment used to detect and extinguish fires can be classified as active safety systems and thus may fall within the scope of functional safety. If we look again at the definition of functional safety we can see that failure to operate a fire and gas detection system would definitely pose a danger to people and equipment. It begins to look as if the requirements laid down in lEC 61508 are applicable to fire and gas detection systems. 

Duhem s scientific work was much broader than has been indicated here, encompassing hydrodynamics, elasticity, electricity and magnetism as well as physical chemistry. And as was noted at the beginning of this article, he wrote extensively on the philosophy and the history of science on a fully professional level in both areas. In his philosophy of science classic La theorie physique, he developed the holistic conception of how scientific theories are understood and defended, in contradistinction to views like that Popper was later to develop based on the notion of crucial experiments and definitive falsification of hypotheses. And he developed the continuity view of the historical development of science, in contrast to views like that Kuhn was later to develop based on revolutions which so disrupt the progress of science that the new theories are incommensurable with prerevolutionary theory, in Le systeme du monde and other works. For reasons of space, these matters can t be pursued here. Consequently, no general interpretation of Duhem s philosophical stance is advanced here. But these few words should give the reader some impression of the full scope of his work. 

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