Holistic concepts

The holistic concept complementary medicines such as TCM do not take symptoms or signs as isolated phenomenon. It is considered that all disorders are induced by the dysfunction of the whole body. 

Bustamente, A. Juan Perez-. The holistic concept of alchemy. Technikatorteneti Szemle 22 (1996) 125-154. 

Ikerd et al. (1998) explained that most farmers have not integrated the economic, ecological, and social aspects of sustainability into a holistic concept of sustainable agriculture. For den Biggelaar and Suvedi (2000), farmers may have a lack of information and awareness about sustainable agriculture and its multiple-dimensions (Gafsi et al. 2006). 

As is well known, fuzzy sets are holistic concepts, each representing a potentially infinite family of nested crisp sets (a-cuts), each defined for a particular number (a) in the unit interval. When we operate on fuzzy sets, we operate in fact simultaneously on all crisp sets in the associated families. This is quite powerful, both conceptually and computationally. 

FIGURE 3.2 The holistic concept of food production (Laufenberg et al, 2003). 

J. Parascandola. Organismic and holistic concepts in the thought of L. J. Henderson. Journal of the History of Biology, 4, 64 (1971). 

Hakula, J. 2009. The Purola model and the holistic concept of man metaphor as bases for the networked view of decision-making in eHealth and eWelfare. Finnish Journal ofeHealth and eWelfare, 1 2. 

BSI recommendation [1] is a guideline for the introduction of IDS in an organisation. It also provides all four stages of the human-automation interaction process model. Besides that, it also supports the holistic conception of selection, deployment and operation of IDS in an organisation (conception - integration - operation - revision). However, similar to ISO/IEC DIS 27039, it also fails to address cyber attacks (security) or user specific design approaches. 

Leadership in this level is a holistic concept that connects people from the inner and outer sides of the organization for mutual benefits. Leadership here becomes a learning process that starts when the leader influences the group to do actions beyond their self-interest which in turn brings mutual benefits to initiators, participants, and people beyond the group or organization (Kemavuthanon and Duberley 2009). 

Duhem s scientific work was much broader than has been indicated here, encompassing hydrodynamics, elasticity, electricity and magnetism as well as physical chemistry. And as was noted at the beginning of this article, he wrote extensively on the philosophy and the history of science on a fully professional level in both areas. In his philosophy of science classic La theorie physique, he developed the holistic conception of how scientific theories are understood and defended, in contradistinction to views like that Popper was later to develop based on the notion of crucial experiments and definitive falsification of hypotheses. And he developed the continuity view of the historical development of science, in contrast to views like that Kuhn was later to develop based on revolutions which so disrupt the progress of science that the new theories are incommensurable with prerevolutionary theory, in Le systeme du monde and other works. For reasons of space, these matters can t be pursued here. Consequently, no general interpretation of Duhem s philosophical stance is advanced here. But these few words should give the reader some impression of the full scope of his work. 

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