Outcomes, defined

The expected outcomes define the expected behavior of the patient or family that indicates the problem is being resolved or that progress toward resolution is occurring. 

Expected outcomes define the expected behavior of the patient or family that indicates that the problem is being resolved or that progress toward resolution is occurring. Expected outcomes serve as a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of nursing interventions. For example, if the nursing intervention is to monitor the blood pressure every hour, the expected outcome is that the patient experiences no further elevation in blood pressure ... 

The combined experience with IV rt-PA treatment beyond 3 hours, therefore, suggests reduced effectiveness compared to treatment within 3 hours. A pooled analysis of the ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA studies confirmed that the odds of a favorable 3-month outcome, defined as minimal or no poststroke disability on the BI, mRS, and NIHSS, decreased with increasing stroke onset to start of treatment time (OTT) (p = 0.005). The odds ratios for favorable outcome with rt-PA treatment were 2.8 (95% Cl 1.8. 5) for OTT 0-90 minutes, 1.6 (95% Cl 1.1-2.2) for 91-180 minutes, 1.4 (95% Cl 1.1-1.9) for 181-270 minutes, and 1.2 (95% Cl 0.9-1.5) for 271-360 minutes. This finding, that earlier treatment is associated with more therapeutic efficacy, supports the adage that in the delivery of acute stroke therapy time is brain. " The rate of sICH was not associated with OTT. ... 

A myriad of preclinical and first-in-man clinical studies suggest that cell therapy has a positive effect on cardiac and vascular repair. In fact, in most studies, the tested cell types were found to be effective, even in the absence of the evidence of robust cell engraftment. This unexpected outcome defines how little we actually understand at present about the underlying mechanism ) of cell-mediated repair, We attribute much repair to direct participation of the transplanted cells in angiogenesis or myogenesis, but in truth, despite promising clinical outcomes, relatively little clinical data exist to support this contention. 

The Australian study (73) randomly assigned 77 patients with ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest to hypothermia (33°C) or normothermia. Patients were cooled within 2 h after return to spontaneous circulation and maintained at that temperature for 12 h. Forty-nine percent (21/43) of the hypothermia-treated patients had a good outcome, defined as di scharged home or to a rehabilitation facility compared with 26% (9/34) of the normothermia group (p = 0.046). There was no difference in the frequency of adverse effects between groups. 

You are now ready to enter the equations for the internal and boundary nodes. Some spreadsheets may start solving the equations as you enter them leading to all sorts of error messages. To avoid this outcome, define a constant in, say, cell A3 (first column, third row) to be zero, and multiply each equation by A3 as you enter it. Then, when you have completed entering all the equations, you need to solve the problem, change A3 from 0 to 1, and begin iteration. A formula is entered in a cell, but the formulas themselves are not displayed in the cell on the screen. What is displayed is the value given by the formula. For example, to show the product in cell DIO of the feed located in cell F24 and the concentration located in F25, you would enter into cell DIO the formula F24 F25. It is recommended that you set up the overall material balances about specific process units in addition to the equations entered on the main part of the spreadsheet. If you take this step, you can quickly check for errors in the setup of the balances. Also, as you enter equations and data, check interim calculations just as you would check out a computer code as it was written. 

A lower level of outcome ascertainment is the use of outcomes based on adverse event reporting from the trials. Here, the use of standardized dictionaries and queries such as MedDRA (2013) can be used to create a single outcome definition. However, differences among the trial designs limit the uniformity of the outcome defined in this manner. Using reported trial summaries of outcomes from the literature or other sources has limitations because often, the definitions are not explicit or uniform. In this case, it is often not clear when the outcome occurred and if it occurred on randomized treatment. 

As the scientific literature has focused increasingly on the importance ofnear misses, even the potential for errors, a basic reconsideration of the initial distinction between quality and safety indicators seems in order. Seminal works on errors resulting from the provision of a service in any industry, have well established that errors can occur during any process. Therefore, it appears of much greater importance to understand the environment, structures, processes, as well as the attitudes of the people themselves rather than the outcomes defined as either quantifiable or qualifiable events. 

Positive enforcement is best. With enforcement there may be some consequence for not acting properly. For example, one company gives drivers responsibihty for their vehicles. Failure to drive properly without protecting the safety of others results in loss of that job. Unsatisfactory performance of tasks can lead to both positive and negative outcomes defined by management. 

ISAT was a randomised, prospective, international, controlled trial of endovascular coiling vs surgical clipping for a selected group of patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms deemed suitable for both types of therapy. Most patients were treated at high-volume centres in the United Kingdom, with the remainders from other European countries, Australia, Canada, and the United States. The primary endpoint was patient outcome, defined as a modified Rankin scale of 3-6 (dependent or deceased) at 1 year. The primary hypothesis was that endovascular treatment would reduce the proportion of patients dependent or deceased by 25% at 1 year. A total of 9559 patients with SAH were screened... 

The effectiveness of the conrse project as part of a core subject is mapped to the learning outcomes a to k defined according the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) [6]. Table 2 presents that the outcomes a to e belong to technical outcomes and f to k belong to professional outcomes. It can be seen that the course project addresses both technical and professional outcomes defined by the program. 

The focus has to be more outcomes-defined thereby moving away from an obsession with outputs and into a focus on the impact of education on communities ... 

Potentially, Sutton ((1991), (1998)) provides a unifying framework between these two traditions in empirical 10. On the one hand, his modelling approach makes extensive use of the game-theoretic tools that form the basis of theoretical developments in 10. On the other hand, his results are, under a set of reasonable assumptions, very general, as they encompass entire classes of models. This implies that the equilibrium concept does not include either a single or a reduced number of outcomes, but a wide variety of outcomes defined within a set of bounds. 

---