Penetration efficiency

Line S.J. Pickerell J.K. (1973) Testing a steam-formaldehyde sterilizer for gas penetration efficiency. J Clin Pathol, 26, 716-720. 

For the determination of the free fraction the attached and the total radon daughter activity concentration were measured. The separation of the free radon daughters from the total daughter concentration was carried out by means of a high-volume diffusion screen battery (Reineking and Porstendorfer, 1986) with a 50 % penetration efficiency for 4 nm particles and for a flowrate of 2.4 m h-1. ... 

In these equations, C is the humidifier solids concentration in ppm, Q is the total air-conditioned flow rate in CFM, F is the total, single path penetration efficiency of the air-handling equipment, p is the density of water (= Igm/cm ), GPM is the humidifier flow rate in gallons per minute, N is the number of humidifier nozzles or heads, W is the weight rate in pounds per hour emitted by each humidifier unit, and x, as above in Equation 3, is the humidifier on-time fraction. 

For this discussion, each of the terms in Table I is obvious in its definition in the appropriate columns. Some elaboration is worthwhile on penetration efficiency F, atomizer on time and solids concentration C. 

Table 3 Power Penetration Efficiency of Electron with Different Incident Energy at Windows and Air Layer...

P = penetration efficiency (dimensionless) a = air exchange rate (h ) k = decay rate indoors (h 1)... 

Fig. 3 Penetration efficiency as function of particle size and crack width [10]...

As a result of the particle size-dependent properties the accumulation mode particles having highest penetration efficiencies and lowest deposition rates tend to enter indoors most efficiently and remain suspended there, thus substantially contributing to indoor exposures. Another implication is that the particle size distribution indoors differs significantly from that outdoors, even in the absence of indoor sources. Finally particle infiltration varies from home to home, resulting in higher variability across homes in indoor particle concentrations compared to outdoor concentrations. 

FIGURE 18.4 Methylene blue staining of dry-etch (a) and wet-etch (b) microneedle-treated human skin. Disruptions within the stratum corneum indicate microneedle penetration efficiency. 

Many shaped charges, both commercial and military, are available off the shelf. Some are far more efficient than others in relation to depth of penetration as a function of size or explosive weight. This spread of penetration efficiency is due not to poor design, but that each charge was designed for a particular application, and not all were optimized with penetration alone in mind. Figure 30.10 presents the performance of a compendium of over a hundred different... 

Burauer, S., Sottmann, T. and Strey, R. (2000) Non-ionic microemulsions with cyclic oils - Oil penetration, efficiency and monomeric solubility. Tenside Surfactants Detergents, 37, 8-16. 

An experimental set-up used for characterising a particle trap impactor is shown in Figure 6.18. Figure 6.19 shows the penetration efficiency curves for the different nozzle diameters. Systems I and II have the acceleration nozzle diameter of 2.6 and 2.2 mm, respectively, while the sampling flow rates and S/D values of both systems are the same 5 Lmin and 1.3, respectively. Penetration curves are expressed as a function of the aerodynamic particle diameter (a) and the square root of the Stokes number (b), respectively. 

Another variable is the percent of dermal penetration by the PCB s/PCDD/PCDF. Here the efficiency of penetration has ranged from 10-100%. There is little empirical data available, and many regulatory agencies have accepted 108 dermal penetration efficiency of PCB through the skin. 

In the 80s, the first attempts were made to use enz5mies in the pulp and paper industry. The enzymes are also used to enhance cellulose pulp brightness. Hydrolysis of xylans caused by enzymes from the hemicellulases group results in the penetration efficiency improvement of brightening substances in the fibers. In de-ink-ing process, the most commonly used enz5mies include cellulases and hemicellulases. However, there are also patented de-inking techniques supported by lipases, pactinases, amylases, or peroxy-... 

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