Bamboos

There are two ways of manufactining bamboo mechanically or chemically. The mechanical way involves crushing the woody parts of the plant and then using natural enzymes to break it down into a mush so that the natural fibres can be mechanically combed out and spim into yam. Bamboo produced by 

The good news is that other newer manufacturing methods have been developed and are more benign and environmentally friendly. Bamboo fabrics can be produced without any chemical additives but ensure that it is eco certified look for Oeko-Tex, Soil Association, SKAL, KRAV or similar organic or sustainable certification body. 

---

Natural gas and its combustion properties appear to have been known since early times (2). Some early temples of worship were located in areas where gas was seeping from the ground or from springs, and it is reported that Julius Caesar saw a phenomenon called the "burning spring" near Grenoble, France. Gas wells were drilled in Japan as early as 615 AD and in 900 AD the Chinese employed bamboo tubes to transport natural gas to their salt works, where the heat was used to evaporate water from salt brine. The existence of natural gas in the United States was reported by early setders who observed gas seeps and columns of fire in the Ohio Valley and the Appalachian area in 1775 (3). 

The common hemiceUulose components of arborescent plants are listed in Table 3. Xylans, arabinogalactans, and pectic substances are common to all while only traces (if at all) of glucomaimans are found in the cell walls of bamboo. Other polysaccharides are found in trace amounts in wood as well as in bark, growing tissues, and other specialized parts of trees. 

Because of the speeial atomie arrangement of the earbon atoms in a carbon nanotube, substitutional impurities are inhibited by the small size of the carbon atoms. Furthermore, the serew axis disloeation, the most eommon defeet found in bulk graphite, is inhibited by the monolayer strueture of the Cfj() nanotube. For these reasons, we expeet relatively few substitutional or struetural impurities in single-wall earbon nanotubes. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes frequently show bamboo-like defects associated with the termination of inner shells, and pentagon-heptagon (5 - 7) defects are also found frequently [7]. 

The original drive for the development of modem carbon fibers, in the late-1950s, was the demand for improved strong, stiff and lightweight materials for aerospace (and aeronautical) applications, particularly by the military in the West. The seminal work on carbon fibers in this period, at Union Carbide in the U.S.A., by Shindo, et al, in Japan and Watt, et al, in the U.K., is well-documented [4-7]. It is always worth pointing out, however, that the first carbon fibers, prepared from cotton and bamboo by Thomas Edison and patented in the U.S.A. in 1880, were used as filaments in incandescent lamps. 

Al the Ooishi shrine of Ako in Japan, a geodesic dome made of bamboo with three golden balls, which was the symbol called Uraajirushi used by a general named Mori Mis-aemon nojyo Yoshinari at the battle of Okehazama in 1560, has been kept in custody. (See ref. [4]). 

In addition to nanocapsules filled with metals and carbides, various exotic carbon materials with hollow structures, such as single-wall (SW) tubes[9,10], bamboo-shaped tubes, and nanochains[l 1], are produced by using transition metals as catalysts. 

Bamboo-shaped tubes. A carbon tube with a peculiar shape looking like bamboo, produced by the arc evaporation of nickel-loaded graphite, is shown in Fig. 8. The tube consists of a linear chain of hollow compartments that are spaced at nearly equal separation from 50 to 100 nm. The outer diameter of the bamboo tubes is about 40 nm, and the length typically several /im. One end of the tube is capped with a needle-shaped nickel particle which is in the normal fee phase, and the other end is empty. Walls of each compartment are made up by about 20 graphitic layers[34]. The shape of each compartment is quite similar to the needle-shape of the Ni particle at the tip, suggesting that the Ni particle was once at the cavities. 

Black powder, a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and carbon, may have been invented in 10th centuiy China for fireworks. There is written record they used it in bamboo tubes to propel stone projm - es. There is evidence that Arabs invented it around 1300 A. D. using a gun rf... 

According to Folkers and Unna, the Peruvian ehazuta curare (bamboo type) is made from C. tomentosum R. and P., Annona ambotay Aubl., Aristolochia rumicifolia Mart, and Zucc. and an unidentified plant which is neither a menisperm nor a Stryehnos. Of these four the first was... 

Para, Tube or Bamboo Curare. This variety was packed in sections of bamboo, but this almost traditional information needs modification since tube curare became a commercial article. It is now a viscous, solid or even powdered extract, exported in sealed tins. In view of the relationship established between bebeerine, curine, and tubocurarhie, the active alkaloid of this variety of curare, the suggestion was made, first by Spath, Leithe and Ladeck, and more definitely by King that its botanical source should be sought among the Brazilian Menispermaceae, and as shown later the search for the source of the d-tubocurarine found in this variety of curare has been narrowed down to Chondrodendron tomentosum, or possibly a closely related species liable to be confused with it. 

Alkaloids of Paka, Tube, ok Bamboo Curare, From this variety. 

Fig. 4. Singularities in MWCNT imaged by means of basal plane lattice fringes, (a) Straight ideal MWCNT. (b) Capped MWCNT. The tube closes progressively by clusters of 2-5 graphene layers. (c)(d) Bamboo-like compartments in straight tubes.

Wells are drilled in China for natural gas, which flows through bamboo pipes to be used perhaps m porcelain manufacture. 

Totsune, H., Nakano, M., and Inaba, H. (1993). Chemiluminescence from bamboo shoot cut. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 1025-1029. 

---