Special Part

Methyl alcohol in the liquid from which the volatile substances were expelled, allowing for the dilution, = 2 035 X 2 =4 07 grams. 

Methyl alcohol in the original spirit, allowing for the dilution made m the elimination of the volatile substances, — 4 07 x 2 =8 14 grams. 

As regards this method, which is among the most exact suggested, it must be painted out that a very small quantity of carbon dioxide is also formed by the oxidation of the ethyl alcohol, this quantity being practically constant and equal, under the experimental Conditions used, to o ox gram of carbon dioxide per gram of ethyl alcohol present. This amount is very small and its neglect introduces only a very small error, but in exact determinations it must be taken into account. Since the quantity of the two alcohols present may be calculated sufficiently exactly by the ordinary tables used for the determination of ethyl alcohol from the density of its solutions, the correction necessitated by the presence of ethyl alcohol may be introduced by means of the formula  

It should also be borne in mind that other substances, which often accompany ethyl alcohol, e g., certain higher alcohols, acetone, higher ketones, various essences, etc., are Oxidised by chromic acid mixture with formation of carbon dioxide. These substances are, however, almost completely eliminated by the procedure indicated above. 

As already mentioned, industrial spirit may be crude, rectified or denatured. 

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The common hemiceUulose components of arborescent plants are listed in Table 3. Xylans, arabinogalactans, and pectic substances are common to all while only traces (if at all) of glucomaimans are found in the cell walls of bamboo. Other polysaccharides are found in trace amounts in wood as well as in bark, growing tissues, and other specialized parts of trees. 

Parenchyma The essential or specialized part of an organ gas exchange... 

Oxidations of higly fluonnated alkanes and cycloalkanes are rare because of the resistance of these compounds to oxidation agents Reactive centers include C-H and C-I bonds (oxidations of lodo compounds at lodme atom are descnbed in a special part of this chapter)... 

Sintering, activated sintering and reaction sintering are used to produce maximum density in sintered bodies and to make special parts with controlled porosity. 

In this Section, ether and acetal substituents will be discussed. In some polysaccharides, the terminal reducing sugar is glycosidically linked to a non-sugar aglycon, and this will be discussed in a special part. 

The tests generally involve some form of maze but the simplest is the passive avoidance test. In this the animal learns that in a certain environment it will be punished with an electric shock for some particular action, like stepping onto a special part of the floor of the test chamber. The test of memory is how long the rat avoids (remains passive to) making the movement that will initiate the shock. Of course, drugs that reduce the animal s anxiety also modify the response. Using a maze in its simplest T shape, the animal is placed at the base of the vertical arm and a food reward at the end of one of the horizontal arms. Clearly the animal has to learn which arm contains the reward. Memory is assessed by the time taken for a food-deprived animal to reach the reward and the number of false arm entries. This simple system can be made more complex by introducing many more arms and branches but the principle is the same. 

In contrast to this classification at the turn of the twentieth century, the eighteenth-century content of natural philosophy was broader still. Lavoisier s predecessor, Macquer, thought of chemistry as a specialized part of physics, writing in 1749 ... 

The less specialized parts of the procedure (e.g., skinning) can be performed by less expert technicians not proficient in the full examination procedure in order to optimize resources. 

Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizo-phrenien. In Aschaffenburg, G. ed. Handbuch der Psychiatrie, special part, section 4. Leipzig Deuticke, pp. 1 20. 

Because the internal rhythm has a period of about 24 hours, it is called circadian (meaning about one day in duration). In higher animals, including humans, this circadian rest-activity rhythm is controlled by a specialized part of the hypothalamus in the upper brain stem called the... 

Other sets of hair cells are formed in specialized parts of the inner ear.964 The three semicircular canals detect angular acceleration in three directions, while the sac-like utricle and saccule detect linear acceleration including gravitational attraction. These two organs each contain a patch of hair cells whose tips project into a gelatinous layer, which is overlain by a field of small crystals of calcium carbonate. These little stones (otoliths) provide an inertial mass, which resists movement causing the hair cell tips to bend and activate mechanoreceptors to send information about balance and orientation to the brain. 

Chemical Kinetics of Solids covers a special part of solid state chemistry and physical chemistry. It has been written for graduate students and researchers who want to understand the physical chemistry of solid state processes in fair depth and to be able to apply the basic ideas to new (practical) situations. Chemical Kinetics of Solids requires the standard knowledge of kinetic textbooks and a sufficient chemical thermodynamics background. The fundamental statistical theory underlying the more or less phenomenological approach of this monograph can be found in a recent book by A. R. Allnatt and A.B. Lidiard Atomic Transport in Solids, which complements and deepens the theoretical sections. 

Polymorphism depends upon many different conditions in various groups of animals, The various forms may be adapted for different places in a life cycle, for special parts in a colonial or social organization, or for special stages in a metamorphosis. They may also result from the incidence of different environmental conditions due to seasons or to unusual climatic conditions. 

The methods employed to determine these sugars in products containing them are in many cases the same, and they are consequently given below in the first part (General Methods). The second part Special Part) contains special indications and methods regarding each particular saccharine product. 

The tests to be made on spirits and liqueurs include a certain number which are common to all these products, such as determinations of the alcoholic strength, extract and ash, and tests for impurities and denaturing agents other investigations are made only with certain products, examples of these being the examination of kirschwasser for hydrocyanic acid, the determination of sugars in liqueurs, etc. The former are treated under General Methods and the latter in the Special Part. 

These are all treated below under General Methods, the detailed analysis of some of the more important essential oils being then described Special Part). 

Photosynthesis occurs in specialized parts of a photoautotrophs cells called chloroplasts. A green pigment inside the chloro-plast, called chlorophyll, absorbs energy from the Sun to start the reaction. Because photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction, if a photoautotroph is unable to get sunlight—for example, if the photoautotroph is in a dark place—photosynthesis will not occur. 

RECEPTOR A specialized part of a nerve cell that recognizes neurotransmitters and communicates with other nerve cells. 

Chemical measurements are a special part of the scientific discipline Analytical Chemistry . They are also applied in many other testing fields and other scientific disciplines, such as biology, physics and medicine. The results of chemical measurements become more and more important for decisions in economy, trade, science, medical care, environmental protection, consumer protection, sports, jurisdiction and politics. Comparability is needed on different levels, beginning at the laboratory and ending in a global exchange of analytical results. 

There are three major classes of prescription drugs of abuse opioids, central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and stimulants. Opioids are medications often prescribed to treat pain. They work on special parts of the brain to relieve... 

CENTROMERE A specialized part of a chromosome that attaches to a spindle fiber in mitosis or meiosis. 

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