Bamboo pulp fiber

It is also possible to find PHBV composites with oak wood flour (Srubar et al. 2012) and bamboo pulp fiber (Jiang et al. 2008a, b). The addition of oak wood flour increased PHBV matrix tensile modulus, but reduced the crystallinity degree and induced embrittlement in the composites (Srubar et al. 2012). Bamboo pulp fiber, added to PHBV matrix resulted in increased crystallization ability and mechanical properties of the polymer matrix (Jiang et al. 2008a, b). 

L. Jiang, J. Huang, J. Qian, F. Chen, J. Zhang, M. P. Wolcott, and Y. Zhu, Study of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/bamboo pulp fiber composites Effects of nucleation agent and compatibilizer. J. Polym. Environ. 16(2), 83-93 (2008). 

Vegetation-based textiles are more wide-ranging. Grasses, straws, bamboos, pulp-wood trees, cotton plants, rice, milkweed, and nettle are prime sources of bulk and/or (bast) fibers for textiles. Acetate is introduced to increase the reflectivity of certain vegetative fabrics such as artificial silk and taffetas. Seaweed and alginate fibers can comprise certain specialized textiles, while other more unique manmade fabrics such as lyocell are constructed from blends of cotton and wood fibers. 

Paper products (newsprint, tissue, packaging, etc.) are made from pulps that consist of natural fibers derived from vascular plants such as trees, sugar cane, bamboo, and grass. The vascular fiber walls are composed of bundles of cellulose polymeric filaments. This long, linear glucose polymer is what paper is made from. The polymer has the structure shown in Scheme 8.18. 

The pulp and paper industries use three types of raw materials, namely, hard wood, soft wood, and nonwood fiber sources (straw, bagasse, bamboo, kenaf, and so on). Hard woods (oaks, maples, and birches) are derived from deciduous trees. Soft woods (spruces, firs, hemlocks, pines, cedar) are obtained from evergreen coniferous trees. 

Clark, T. F. In Annual Crop Fibers and the Bamboos in Pulp and Paper... 

Raw materials for the pulp and paper industry can be classified as fibrous and non-fibrous. Wood accounts for over 95 percent of the fibrous raw material (other than waste paper) in the United States. Cotton and linen rags, cotton linters, cereal straws, esparto, hemp, jute, flax, bagasse, and bamboo also are used and in some countries are the major source of papermaking fiber. 

Bamboo fibers - alkaline hydrolysis and multiphase bleaching is carried out to produce starchy pulp from bamboo stems and leaves. Further chemical processes produce bamboo fibers. These fibers have strong durability, stability, and tenacity. Because of their antibacterial activity, these fibers find applications in fabrics. 

High-intensity ultrasonication can be considered as a mechanical method for producing cellulose nanofibers with hydrodynamic forces [72]. In this process, ultrasonic waves create strong mechanical stress because of cavitations, and therefore, cause the disaggregation of cellulosic fiber to nanofibers [73]. Several attempts have been made to isolate cellulose nanofiber by ultrasonication from various cellulose sources such as microcrystalline cellulose, regenerated and pure cellulose fibers [72], kraft pulp [74], flax, wood, wheat straw and bamboo [75] (Figure 11.5), para rubberwood sawdust [76], and poplar wood powders [15]. 

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