Pesticides baits

Collins, B.D. 1964. An Evaluation of an Experimental Aerial Application of Toxic Baits for Squirrel Control — Kern County. California Dept. Fish Game, Pesticides Investigations. Mimeographed. 10 pp. 

Approximately 55 different commercial formulations of chlordecone have been prepared since its introduction in 1958 (Epstein 1978). The major form of chlordecone, which was used as a pesticide on food products, was a wettable powder (50% chlordecone) (Epstein 1978). Formulations of chlordecone commonly used for nonfood products were in the form of granules and dusts containing 5% or 10% active ingredient (Epstein 1978). Other formulations of chlordecone contained the following percentages of active ingredient 0.125% (used in the United States in ant and roach traps), 5% (exported for banana and potato dusting), 25% (used in the United States in ant and roach bait), 50% (used to control mole crickets in Florida), and 90% (exported to Europe for conversion to kelevan for use on Colorado potato beetles in eastern European countries) (Epstein 1978). 

Synonyms Boomer-rid Caswell No. 805 Certox Dolco mouse cereal EINECS 200-319-7 EPA pesticide chemical code 076901 Gopher bait Gopher gitter Hare-rid Kwik-kil Mole death Mole-nots Mouse-rid Mouse-tox NSC 5365 Pied piper mouse seed RCRA waste number P108 Rodex Sana-seed Strychnidin-lO-one Strychnos UN 1692. 

Strychnine was once used liberally as a pesticide, especially to control vertebrates. It is used as a salt in granular bait formulations. In the United States its use has been... 

Six acetogenins were compared with five commercially available pesticides used in cockroach baits. All compounds were tested at 1000 ppm and the lethal time to kill 50% (LT50 values) were recorded with second and fifth instar roaches of insecticide-resistant and -sus-... 

Approximately 85% of American homes maintain an average inventory of three to four pesticide products (e.g., pest strips, bait boxes, bug bombs, flea collars, pesticide pet shampoos, aerosols, granules, liquids, dusts). In fact, nearly 70 million... 

One of the major reasons for the interest in insect pheromones is their potential for use to control pests. In one method a large number of traps, baited with small amounts of the sex attractant of the female insect, are used to trap enough males that the breeding of the insects is decreased. In another method that requires fewer traps, a small number of traps are used to monitor the population of the target insect. The best time to apply pesticides can be determined by monitoring these traps. In one case, 10 to 15 applications of a pesticide to control the pink bollworm still resulted in damage to 30% of a cotton crop. This was decreased to almost no damage with only one to two pesticide applications when the ideal times for these applications were determined by the use of traps. 

The many uses of an indoor pesticide require fhaf exposure estimates should be based on fhe mosf likely application dial will lead fo fhe highesf probabilify of dermal and inhalation confacf. For insfance, a broadcasf carpel Ireatmenl is generally presumed fo resull in more pesticide surface residue being accessible to individuals fhan fhe amounf or accessibility of residue when the pesticide is placed inside an insect bait station. 

The presence of abnormal colours may indicate the presence of inorganic pigments (e.g. copper, nickel, or cobalt salts), dyestuffs from tablets, capsules, medicines, pesticides, and rodent baits, especially those containing warfarin, reserpine, chloralose, or diphenadione. Common rat-bait coloms are blue, green, or red and are usually associated wifti oafrneal or cereal grain. 

Strychnine was first registered as a pesticide in the USA in 1947 however, this natural toxin had been used in many coimtries to control vertebrate animals for many years prior to 1947. Currently, strychnine is registered for use only below ground as a bait application to control pocket gophers. The end-use products are formulated as a grain-based bait or a paste. Baiting can be done manually, or with the use of application equipment. 

The pesticide has also been used to control exoparasites on livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) [20]. Toxaphene is highly toxic to fish. For a short period in the 1960s, it was used as a piscicide to eliminate undesired fish species in lakes prior to the release of commercially attractive fish species. Saleh reported about 817 registered products containing toxaphene in a concentration of 1 % to 80% [3]. Toxaphene was marketed as emulsifiable concentrates, powders, granules, and baits [3]. 

Pesticides for rodent pest control usually are formulated in baits. The chemicals may be highly toxic to humans, livestock, and other animals. Therefore, correct bait placement is important in order to control the pest... 

Few pesticides are available for non-rodent vertebrate pest control, and most require special local permits for use. The chemicals which are registered are usually bait applications. A few chemicals designed for aquatic pests or massive populations of pest birds are used as broadcast applications. 

A poisonous bait is a pesticide mixed with an edible material that is attractive to a particular pest. The pests are killed by consuming a lethal dosage of the poison either in a single feeding or over a period of time. Baits are sometimes used to control rodents. Although you may not need to cover the whole area, the bait must be placed where it is likely to be consumed. 

Organic sprays and dusts There are several natural sprays, dusts, or baits that repel or poison pests. You can make some types yourself from garden and kitchen ingredients. Vbu can buy products including botanical pesticides such as neem or pyrethrin. 

Azamethiphos is used as a pesticide spray for control of flies and cockroaches primarily in Europe, as it is not available for use in the United States. It has been used in commercial aquaculture to control external parasites (sea lice) in salmon. In addition, locally procured granular azamethiphos was used as a fly bait by US troops in the first Gulf War. 

Because of its high vapor pressure, dichlorvos is useful in the control of insects in closed spaces (e.g., warehouses, greenhouses, animal shelters, homes, and restaurants). It is available in oil solutions, emu-Isifiable concentrates, aerosols, and baits. Therapeutically, dichlorvos is used as a broad-spectrum anthelmintic (for destroying or expelling intestinal worms). It is also used as a feed through larvicide to control botfly larvae in the manure. It is primarily used for insect control. Dichlorvos is also a breakdown product of the organophosphorus pesticide trichlorfon (metrifonate). 

Control of cancer risk from pesticides can be illustrated by the example of chromated copper arsenate (CCA), used as a wood preservative. The risk estimate was particularly contentious, but despite arguments over the specific numbers, a cancer hazard to children from the arsenic in this product used in decks and play structures could not be denied. These and other residential-related uses were finally phased out in late 2003 (ERA 2008i). CCA is still available for commercial construction. Arsenic continues to be available for household use in ant baits, although the potential for human exposure in this product is relatively low. 

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