Baits formulations

Strychnine was once used liberally as a pesticide, especially to control vertebrates. It is used as a salt in granular bait formulations. In the United States its use has been... 

These rodenticides are available as meal bait packs, pellets, mini pellets, blocks, mini blocks, wax blocks, liquid bait formulations, tracking powder, and concentrate formulations (POISINDEX, 2007 WHO, 2008 Wilton, 1991). 

Commercial products include Satsan (dust formulation) and Prodan (bait formulation)... 

A 10-5 bait formulation containing 0.1% mirex was designed to make more of the toxicant available to the fire ant and less to nontarget biota. In one study, the 10-5 formulation was applied to a previously untreated 8000-ha area near Jacksonville, Florida, infested with fire ants. The bait was applied by airplane at 1.12kg/ba, or 1.12 g mirex/ha. Insects accumulated mirex to the greatest extent during the first 6 months after application, and most of... 

Fipronil is extraordinarily active against cockroaches, and shows no crossresistance with currently available chemistry [118, 119]. Food-based gel bait formulations assist the transfer of active ingredient from exposed individuals to unexposed adults and nymphs. This has been shown to be significant through several different routes of exposure [120-122]. Fipronil-based gel bait formulations are highly palatable to cockroaches, which appears to enhance their effectiveness [123]. The high intrinsic activity and an excellent, palatable formulation have made gel baits containing fipronil a key component in cockroach control. 

Another insecticide, o,o-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichIoro-l-hydroxy-ethylphosphonate, currently known as Bayer L 13/59 or Dipterex, can be determined in fly bait formulations. < >... 

Bextine, B. R. Thorvilson, H. G. Field applications of bait-formulated Beauveria bassiana alginate pellets for biological control of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 2002. 31, 746-752. 

Superwarfarin rodenticides are used to kill urban and agricultural rodent pests. They are readily available to the general public and pest controllers and are easy to obtain and conceal, so they may pose a risk of being used as chemical warfare agents (EPA, 2003,2005 WHO, 2003,2008). These rodenticides are available as meal bait packs, pellets, mini-pellets, blocks, mini-blocks, wax blocks, liquid bait formulations, tracking powder, and concentrate formulations (POISINDEX, 2007 WHO, 2008 Wilton, 1991). 

Little work has been done in an attempt to increase bait acceptance by pest birds. Bullard (90) has provided some evidence that bait formulation could be a critical factor in bird-baiting programs. Surface-coated grain baits (com, wheat, or oats) containing a bird repellent (methiocarb) were shown to vary greatly in chemical concentration (c.v. = 21-48%). Uniformly mixed and tableted baits had much less chemical concentration variability (c.v. = 4.6-8.0%). These data would indicate that a more uniform repellent dosage can be achieved with tableted material. 

Several species of leaf-cutting ants do massive damage to a number of field crops in tropical countries. The trail pheromones of three species, Atta texana, A. cephalotes, and A. sexdens rubropilosa have been used in attempts to improve the pickup of poison bait. This was moderately successful for baits formulated with an inert substrate, but did not improve pickup in the field for baits formulated with such food materials as citrus pulp, grain, and bagasse fortified with molasses 609). 

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