Bronchitis, bacterial

Clarithromycin is better absorbed and irritates the gastrointestinal tract less than erythromycin. It is presumed that its activity exceeds that of erythromycin by 2-4 times with respect to a number of streptococci and staphylococci, and to a few other microorganisms. It is used for treating bacterial bronchitis, pneumonia, skin and sexual infections. It is believed that clarithromycin is the most active macrolide for treating atypical mycobacteria. Synonyms of this drug are biaxin and others. 

Antibiotics should be used only with the development of bacterial bronchitis or pneumonia. jS-adrenergic agonist has been used to relieve bronchospasm by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and reducing hyperactivity in diphosgene inhalation. An adult dose of albuterol 0.5% (2.5 mg in 2.5 ml saline solution) can be used and repeated as needed. 

Indications Bone and joint infections, bacterial bronchitis, endocervical and urethral chlamydia, bacterial gastroenteritis, endocervical and urethral gonorrhea, intra-abdominal infections, empiric therapy for febrife neutropenia, pelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial pneumonia, bacterial prostatitis, acute sinusitis, skin and soft tissue infections, typhoid fever, bacterial urinary tract infections, chancroid, meningococcal carriers, bacterial septicemia, prophylaxis in prevention of bacterial urinary tract infections Common drug examples ... 

A common complication of persistent hypersecretion and mucus plugging is a less effective mucociliary clearance mechanism. Inhaled bacteria which are normally quickly cleared from the bronchial system have greater opportunity for tissue invasion. Chronically affected asthmatics are more likely to develop bacterial bronchitis. It is not unusual for CB to become superimposed on the asthma as a consequence of these infections. Interestingly asthmatics who get an acute bacterial bronchitis will often note an improvement of their asthmatic symptoms. 

Deoxyribonuclease (DNAase), an enzyme that degrades deoxyribonucleic acid, has been used in patients with chronic bronchitis, and found to produce favorable responses presumably by degrading the DNA, contributed by cell nuclei, to inflammatory mucus (213). Lysozyme [9001 -63-2] hydrolyzes the mucopeptides of bacterial cell walls. Accordingly, it has been used as an antibacterial agent, usually in combination with standard antibiotics. Topical apphcations are also useful in the debridement of serious bums, cellulitis, and dermal ulceration. 

The nature of the conditions of intensive production, however, can increase the risk of diseases and infections which can spread very rapidly and devastate large numbers of animals." Thus it is common practice for producers of poultry to add coccidiostats to their diets and vaccines to their drinking water in order to prevent coccidiosis and other infectious diseases such as bronchitis and Newcastle disease. A similar problem exists for intensively reared fish, where it is necessary to add antibiotics to their diets. A problem with intensively reared fish is that their diet is added directly into the water in which they live thus drugs and other additives in the diet are relatively easily dispersed into the local environment of fish farms, where they can increase bacterial resistance and also cause problems such as algal blooms. 

Breathing difficulties, i.e. bronchitis or asthma, arising from sensitization to bacterial contamination or additive chemicals, have been reported. 

Upper respiratory tract infection Sinusitis, bronchitis, or otitis caused by viral or bacterial infections. 

Complications of influenza may include exacerbation of underlying comorbidities, primary viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia or other respiratory illnesses (e.g., sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis), encephalopathy, transverse myelitis, myositis, myocarditis, pericarditis, and Reye s syndrome. 

Respiratory viruses are by far the most common infectious agents associated with acute bronchitis. The common cold viruses, rhinovirus and coronavirus, and lower respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also appears to be a frequent cause of acute bronchitis. Other bacterial causes include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. 

Routine use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute bronchitis is discouraged however, in patients who exhibit persistent fever or respiratory symptomatology for more than 4 to 6 days, the possibility of a concurrent bacterial infection should be suspected. 

Chronic bronchitis is a result of several contributing factors, including cigarette smoking exposure to occupational dusts, fumes, and environmental pollution and bacterial (and possibly viral) infection. 

An increased number of polymorphonuclear granulocytes in sputum often suggests continual bronchial irritation, whereas an increased number of eosinophils may suggest an allergic component. The most common bacterial isolates (expressed in percentages of total cultures) identified from sputum culture in patients experiencing an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis are as follows ... 

Dust particles inhaled in tobacco smoke, together with bronchial mucus, must be removed from the airways by the ciliated epithelium. Ciliary activity, however, is depressed by tobacco smoke mucociliary transport is impaired. This depression favors bacterial infection and contributes to the chronic bronchitis associated with regular smoking. Chronic injury to the bronchial mucosa could be an important causative factor in increasing the risk in smokers of death from bronchial carcinoma. 

Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis - 500 mg/12 hours for 7 days. 

Secondary bacterial infection of acute bronchitis and acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis 500q12 h 10... 

Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis 500 mg q24h 7 days... 

Community-acquired pneumonia acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis-Two 200 mg tablets taken on the first day as a loading dose. Thereafter, take one 200 mg tablet every 24 hours for a total of 10 days of therapy. 

Chronic bronchitis due to S. pneumoniae Lomefloxacin is not indicated for the empiric treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis when it is probable that S. pneumoniae is a causative pathogen. 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

Acute Bacterial exacerbation of chronic Bronchitis, secondary Bacterial infection of acute Bronchitis PO 500 mg ql2h for 10 days. 

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