Adenosine diphosphate ribose

Nicotinamide is incorporated into NAD and nicotinamide is the primary ckculating form of the vitamin. NAD has two degradative routes by pyrophosphatase to form AMP and nicotinamide mononucleotide and by hydrolysis to yield nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate ribose. 

Kannan MS Modulation of calcium signaling by interleukin-13 in human airway smooth muscle role of CD38/cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol 9 Biol 2004 31 36-42. 

The sirtuins (silent information regulator 2-related proteins class III HDACs) form a specific class of histone deacetylases. First, they do not share any sequence or structural homology with the other HDACs. Second, they do not require zinc for activity, but rather use the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ) as cofactor. The reaction catalyzed by these enzymes is the conversion of histones acetylated at specific lysine residues into deacetylated histones, the other products of the reaction being nicotinamide and the metabolite 2 -0-acetyl-adenosine diphosphate ribose (OAADPR) [51, 52]. As HATs and other HDACs, sirtuins not only use acetylated histones as substrates but can also deacetylate other proteins. Intriguingly, some sirtuins do not display any deacetylase activity but act as ADP-ribosyl transferases. 

This enzyme [EC 2.4.2.30] (also referred to as NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase, poly(ADP) polymerase, poly-(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase, and ADP-ribosyltransferase (polymerizing)) catalyzes the reaction of NAD+ with [ADP-D-ribosyl] to produce nicotinamide and [ADP-D-ribosyl]( + i). The ADP-d-ribosyl group of NAD+ is transferred to an acceptor carboxyl group on a histone or on the enzyme itself, and further ADP-ribosyl groups are transferred to the 2 -position of the terminal adenosine moiety, building up a polymer with an average chain length of twenty to thirty units. 

Adenosine 5 -phosphate. See AMP Adenosine diphosphate. See ADP Adenosine monophosphate. See AMP Adenosine triphosphate. See ATP Adenosine-diphosphate-ribose. See ADP-ribose... 

Jump, D.B. and Smulson, M. (1980) Purification and characterization of the major non-histone protein acceptor for poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) in HeLa cell nuclei. Biochemistry, 19, 1024-1030. 

The NAD glycohydrolase (EC 3.2.2.5) in this study catalyzes the hydrolysis of NAD+ to form nicotinamide, adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR), and H+. The assay developed for this activity follows the disappearance of the substrate NAD+ and the production of nicotinamide. 

Other drugs affect intracellular calcium channels of the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum, e.g. inositol triphosphate receptor channels open in response to InsPs itself and certain other inositol phosphates, are sensitized by thiomersal (which increases the sensitivity of the receptor to InsPs by acting as a sulphydryl reagent) and antagonized by heparin. The various ryanodine receptor channels, at which a putative natural agonist is cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADP-R), are activated by caffeine and low concentrations of ryanodine (but antagonized by high concentrations of ryanodine and ruthenium red). 

Nucleoside Cyclic Pyrophosphates. Extensive work has been carried out by Matsuda et al. in their efforts to synthesise chemically stable cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) analogues. The carbocyclic inosine analogue (83) was first prepared through an efficient cyclisation of an 8-bromo-A-1 -[5"-(phosphoryl)carbocyclic-ribosyl]inosine 5 -phenylthiophos-... 

Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase... 

Alvarez-Gonzalez R, Jacobson MK. Characterization of polymers of adenosine diphosphate ribose generated in vitro and in vivo. Biochemistry 1987 26 3218-3224. 

Reale A, Malar M, Zaido G et al. In vitro induction of Hl-Hl histone cross-linking by adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymers. Biochemistry 2000 39 10413-10418. 

Jonsson GG, Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK. Mechanism of alteration of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) metabolism by hyperthermia. Cancer Res 1988 48(15) 4233-9. 

Scott GS, Jakeman LB, Stokes BT et al. Peroxynitrite production and activation of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) synthetase in spinal cord injury. Ann Neurol 1999 45(1) 120-4. 

Tabuchi K, Ito Z, Tsuji S et al. Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) synthetase inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide alleviates cochlear dysfunction induced by transient ischemia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001 110(2) 118-21. 

Yoshihara K, Tanigawa Y, Koide SS. Inhibition of rat liver Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease activity by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1974 59(2) 658-665. 

Watson A], Askew JN, Benson RS. Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase inhibition prevents necrosis induced by H202 but not apoptosis. Gastroenterology 1995 109(2) 472-482. 

Bozlu M, Eskandari G, Cayan S et al. The effect of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors on biochemical changes in testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Urol 2003 169 1870-1873. 

The obl atory tri er of PARP aaivation is DNA single strand breaks, which can be induced by a variety of environmental stimuli and free radical/oxidants, most notably hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite (see below). In response to DNA damage, PARP becomes aaivated and, using NAD as a substrate, catalyzes the building of homopolymers of adenosine diphosphate ribose units. 

Okolie EE, Shall S. The significance of antibodies to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 1979 36 151-64. 

Yama ami T, Miwa A, Takasawa S et al. Induction of rat pancreatic B-cell tumors by the combined administration of streptozotocin or alloxan and poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) synthetase inhibitors. Cancer Res 1985 45(4) 1845-1849. 

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