Azteca

You J, Pehkonen S, Weston DP, Lydy MJ (2008) Chemical availability and sediment toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to Hyalella azteca Application to field sediment with unexpectedly low toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 27(10) 2124—2130... 

Borgmann, U., W.P. Norwood, and C. Clarke. 1993. Accumulation, regulation and toxicity of copper, zinc, lead and mercury in Hyalella azteca. Hydrobiol. 259 79-89. 

Collyard, S.A., G.T. Ankley, R.A. Hoke, and T. Goldenstein. 1994. Influence of age on the relative sensitivity of Hyalella azteca to diazinon, alkylphenol ethoxylates, copper, cadmium, and zinc. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 110-113. 

Kubitz, J.A., E.C. Lewek, J.M. Besser, J.B. Drake III, and J.P. Giesy. 1995. Effects of copper-contaminated sediments on Hyalella azteca, Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia survival, growth, and enzyme inhibition. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29 97-103. 

Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., J.R. Dierkes, PH. Monson, and G.T. Ankley. 1993. pH-dependent toxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca and Lumbricus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 1261-1266. 

Hirsch, M.P. 1998a. Toxicity of silver sulfide-spiked sediments to the freshwater amphipod (Hyalella azteca). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 601-604. 

Residues of dv-chlordanc were preferentially stored and magnified over tran.v-chlordane by freshwater fish and invertebrates in ponds treated with technical chlordane at concentrations up to 1.14 pg/L. The di-isomer, with an estimated Tb 1/2 of 46 days, persisted longer than did the trans-isomer (Johnson and Finley 1980). Tissue concentrations of 106,000 pg total chlordanes/kg, on a lipid weight basis, were associated with reduced survival of estuarine invertebrates (Zitko 1978). Moribund amphipods (Hyallela azteca), for example, contained 137,000 to 2,180,000 pg/kg lipid of various chlordanes, heptachlors, and chlordenes (Zitko 1978). In fish, chlordane concentrations of 300,000 to 4,000,000 pg/kg lipid weight in tissues were lethal (Zitko 1978). 

After first treatment, reduction within 1 week of 3 species of cladocerans (Daphnia laevis, Ceriodaphnia sp., Bosmina longirostus sp.), and 2 species of copepods (Cyclops sp., Diaptomus sp.). No recovery of Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia for 6 months, but Bosmina reappeared 11 weeks later. Diaptomus was depleted for 4 months, but Cyclops recovered in 6-7 weeks. The amphipod Hyallela azteca was eliminated within 4 weeks, and no recolonization was evident after 6 months. No adverse effects on oligochaetes, snails (Physa sp.), or ostracods (Cyprodopsis sp.). After second treatment, temporary reduction in Cyclops and Bosmina, and no significant effects on ostracods, snails, or worms... 

Spehar, R.L., D. Tanner, and J.H. Gibson. 1982. Effects of kelthane and pydrin on early life stages of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and amphipods (Hyalella azteca). Pages 234-244 in J.G. Pearson, R.B. Foster, and W.E. Bishop (eds.). Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 766. Amer. Soc. Testing Mater., 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 

Landrum, P.F. and D. Scavia. 1983. Influence of sediment on anthracene uptake, depuration, and biotransformation by the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40 298-305. 

Halter, M.T., W.J. Adams, and H.E. Johnson. 1980. Selenium toxicity to Daphnia magna, Hyallela azteca, and the fathead minnow in hard water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 102-107. 

Since persistence in sediments is longer than that in the water column, the relevant toxicity studies are those that consider longer term, chronic exposures. A number of standard tests have been developed for assessing sediment toxicity and the bioassay of field collected sediments (e.g., [16-24]). The most commonly tested freshwater species are arthropods, including the amphipod shrimp // azteca and chironomid midge larvae, both Chironomus dilutus (formerly C. tentans) and C. riparius. Water-only studies have demonstrated that II. azteca are particularly sensitive to SPs (see Sect. 3) and in the published literature, this is the most commonly tested species for assessing the sediment toxicity of SPs. 

A variety of laboratory studies conducted over the last decade have evaluated the bioavailability and toxicity of SPs in sediments. Maund et al. [25] studied the partitioning, bioavailability, and toxicity of cypermethrin to II. azteca and C. dilutus using three sediments with organic carbon contents of 1, 3, and 13%. Bioavailability was assessed by measuring the body burden in C. dilutus and results demonstrated that bioavailability decreased with increasing organic carbon content... 

Table 4 Observed sediment toxicity values for H. azteca and C. dilutus and pore water concentrations predicted by equilibrium partitioning [25]...

Sediment OC content (%) Koc H. azteca 10 days LC50 C. dilutus 10 days LC50 ... 

Comparison of the relative sediment toxicity of different SPs can be difficult as there are a variety of different test methods and endpoints evaluated, in addition to other confounding factors relating to sediment quality. Amweg et al. [28] determined the toxicity of six SPs to //. azteca in 10-day studies at 23 °C in natural sediments containing 1-6% OC. Toxicity data were reported as bulk sediment concentrations and normalized to the organic carbon content (Table 5). The results indicated that normalization removed some, but not all, of the variability between sediments. Other factors such as sediment texture may also affect bioavailability and hence apparent toxicity in sediment studies. 

Table 5 Results of 10-day sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca [28]...

US EPA (2009) Whole sediment life cycle toxicity test with Hyalella azteca. OPPTS 850.1770 US EPA, Washington DC... 

Environment Canada (1997) Test for survival and growth in sediment using the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. Report No. EPS/l/RM/33. Environment Canada, Ottawa... 

Gasterosteus aculeatus [51] LAS in the clam C. fluminea, the amphipod Hyalella azteca, snails Elimia sp., and fish L. macrochirus, P. promelas, Ictalurus punctatus [68] and HPB in the clam C. fluminea, the fish P. promelas, and the tadpole Rana catesbeiana [17]. 

LC50 (10-d) for amphipod Hyalella azteca) 18.4 mg/L, midge Chironomus tentans) 3.3 mg/L, Juvenile fathead minnows 27.1 mg/L (Nebeker and Schuytema, 1998). 

LC50 (72-h) 13.2 and 45.4 pg/L for neonate and adult stage Hyalella azteca, respectively (Blockwell et al, 1998) for freshwater insect Chironornus ripariud) fourth instar 6.5 pg/L (Maund et al, 1992). 

LC50 (48-h) for guppies 0.16 to 0.3 mg/L (Hartley and Kidd, 1987), 14.8 and 47.6 pg/L for neonate and adult stage Hyalella azteca, respectively (Blockwell et al., 1998), Simocephalus serrulatus 520 pg/L, Daphnia pulex 460 pg/L (Sanders and Cope, 1966), zebra fish 120 pg/L (Slooff, 1979), Chironornus riparius second larval instar 55 pg/L (Taylor et al., 1991), three... 

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