Chironomus dilutus

Since persistence in sediments is longer than that in the water column, the relevant toxicity studies are those that consider longer term, chronic exposures. A number of standard tests have been developed for assessing sediment toxicity and the bioassay of field collected sediments (e.g., [16-24]). The most commonly tested freshwater species are arthropods, including the amphipod shrimp // azteca and chironomid midge larvae, both Chironomus dilutus (formerly C. tentans) and C. riparius. Water-only studies have demonstrated that II. azteca are particularly sensitive to SPs (see Sect. 3) and in the published literature, this is the most commonly tested species for assessing the sediment toxicity of SPs. 

After 24-h exposure to caffeine, the LC50 for Daphnia magna was recorded as 683.7 mg/L (Guilhermino et al., 2000) and an EC50 (immobilization) as 161.18 mg/L (Lilius et al., 1995). Freshwater invertebrate species, such as Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, and Chironomus dilutus, commonly used in water monitoring tests, were exposed to aqueous caffeine solutions under static exposure for 48 h and... 

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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ ]

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