Australia comparisons

The three sets of data chosen for the comparisons between experiment and simulation have been supplied by Dr. S. K. Burke of the DSTO Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory (Melbourne, Australia). 

Ide H, Kawahara A, Kawaji M (2006) Comparison of gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics between mini-channels and micro-channels. In Proceedings of 13th International Heat Transfer Conference, Sydney Convention and Exibition Centre, Sydney, Australia, 13-18 August 2006, MPH-51... 

Boulton AJ, Lake PS (1992) The ecology of two intermittent streams in Victoria, Australia. II Comparisons of faunal composition between habitats, rivers and years. Ereshw Biol 27 99-121... 

Payne XE, Edis R, Fenton BR, Waite XD (2001) Comparison of laboratory nraninm sorption data with in situ distribution coefficients at the Koongarra uranium deposit. Northern Australia. J Environ Radioact 57 35-55... 

The cross-national prescribing database using the same methodology provided a useful and valid comparison of patterns of prescribing psychotropic medications in mental health services in Australia, Thailand, and Malaysia (Ng et al, submitted). The study was carried out in three outpatient mental health centres in North Western Mental Health (NWMH) in Melbourne (September to November 2002), Prince of Songkla University Hospital in Hat Yai (January to March 2003), and Hospital Kuala Lumpur (January to March 2003). The proportions of outpatients treated with a primary diagnosis of a psychotic illness were 91%, 41%, and 75% in the Australian, Thai, and Malaysian samples respectively. Considering psychotropic prescriptions in schizophrenia alone, the majority of patients were prescribed antipsychotics Australia (93.7%), Thailand (92.9%), and Malaysia (97.7%). 

The overall mean chlorpromazine-equivalents per day (CPZe) dose prescribed differed significantly, with lower dosing in Thailand compared with Malaysia and Australia (p < 0.001) (see Table 11.4). Pairwise comparisons revealed that the mean typical antipsychotic dose was significantly higher in Malaysia compared with Thailand (p < 0.001) and NWMH (p < 0.001). There were significant differences observed (p < 0.001) while comparisons of the mean atypical antipsychotic dose showed that Australia was significantly higher compared with Thailand (p < 0.001) and Malaysia (p < 0.001). 

Conacher J, Conacher A (1998) Organic farming and the environment, with particular reference to Australia a review. Biol Agric Hort 16 145-171 Condron LM, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Clough TJ, Forbes EA, McLaren RG, Silva RG (2000) A comparison of soil and environmental quality under organic and conventional farming systems in New Zealand. N Z J Agric Res 43 443-466... 

Beer T, Morgan G, Lepszewicz 1, Anyon P, Edwards 1, Nelson P, Watson H, Williams D (2001) Comparison of transport fuels life-cycle emission analysis of alternative fuels for heavy vehicles. CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), Australia... 

Abstract. Model-measurement comparisons of HOx in extremely clean air ([NO]<3 ppt) are reported. Measurements were made during the second Southern Ocean Photochemistry Experiment (SOAPEX-2), held in austral summer 1999 at the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station in northwestern Tasmania, Australia. 

E)- and (2Z)-Farnesylamine (123) (Fig. 20) were detected in the extracts of the myrmicine ant Monomorium fieldi from Australia. Their structures were established by comparison with synthetic material. This is the first report of a farnesylamine derivative from a natural source [129]. 

Figure 8.3 GC-MS comparison of ion chromatograms of extracts from mussels Mytilus edulis) and SPMDs, Corio Bay Australia. Peaks labeled ISTD are internal standards. Reprinted with permission from the American Petroleum Institute, copyright 2002 (Huckins et al., 2002).

Priest, M. W., D. J. Williams, and H. A. Bridgman. (2000). Emissions from in-use lawn-mowers in Australia. Atmospheric Environment 34(4) 657-664. Sawyer, R. R, R. A. Harley, S. H. Cadle, J. M. Norbeck, R. Slott, and H. A. Bravo. (2000). Mobile sources critical review 1998 NARSTO assessment. Atmospheric Environment 34(12-14) 2161-2181. Christensen, A., R. Westerholm, and J. Almen. (2001). Measurement of regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions from a lawn mower with and without an oxidizing catalyst A comparison of two fuels. Environmental Science and Technology 35(11) 2166-2170. 

It must be noted though that a direct comparison of the 1998 and the 2001 household survey data in Australia could be potentially misleading as the underlying methodology for the surveys changed quite substantially during this period. 

A general picture emerges of lower yields and productivity per farm, lower input costs and higher output prices on organic farms than those on conventional comparisons. The results in the different studies included in Lampkin and Padel (1994) ranged from lower net returns in the studies in the USA, UK and Switzerland, similar in Australia and higher in studies from Germany, Denmark and Wales. 

N. Aziz, M.A. Hussain, I.M. Mujtaba, Optimal control of batch reactor comparison of neural network based GMC and inverse model control approach, in Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne, Australia, 23-27 September 2001. 

Worldwide comparison of BTs in sediment and fish from Indonesia also revealed lower levels in Indonesian samples. The residue levels of BTs found in sediment (0.96-380 ngg-1 dry wt.) were lower than those reported in many coastal and harbor areas of various countries including several Asian developing countries, such as Malaysia and Thailand, as well as urbanized industrial nations such as the USA, Europe, Australia, and Japan (see Sudaryanto et al., 2004 and references therein). A similar case was also for fish (Fig. 13.7). Concentrations of BTs in fish from Indonesia were obviously lower than those reported in urbanized developed regions, such as the USA, Japan, Australia, Italy, and Netherland (See Takahashi et al., 1999 and references therein). The levels were also lower than those of the polluted areas of Asian developing countries, including the Malacca Strait, Malaysia (Sudaryanto et al., 2004). 

The dietary intake of OCPs is considered the main source of exposure for the general population in Australia and in many other countries. Estimates of dietary intakes of OCPs from AMBS are summarised in Tables 17.3 and 17.4 for the years 1971 to 1996. The initial survey in 1970 estimated that excessive intakes of dieldrin and HCB could occur in the diets of 15 18 year old males. Dieldrin and HCB had estimated daily intakes from 0.4 to 1.8 (0.1) and 0.7 to 1.4 (0.6) pg kg-1 bw, respectively. For comparison the accepted daily intake (ADI) at the time is shown in parenthesis (NHMRC, 1971). By 1976, the estimated daily intake of dieldrin remained relatively high, particularly for infants (e.g. 0.1 pg kg-1 bw), while HCB residues in foods were too low to estimate a dietary intake. 

Comparison with International Nutrition Policies. As shown in Table VIII, dietary recommendations issued in Sweden, Norway, Canada, and Australia are also in general agreement with the majority of U.S. recommendations. 

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